A Review On Organisational Theories - 1677 Words

BUS 5113 - Assignment Unit 1 - A review of organisational theories A review of organisational theories Craig Morley University of the People A review of organisational theories 1 In Chapter 2 of the Organizational Theory text we reviewed four theoretical contributions which are central to the understanding of today s Organizations. Offer a brief analysis of all four theoretical concepts and then pick the one you the feel is the most influential from both historical and managerial perspectives. Explain. Now, consider how these concepts impacted the development of the current organizational theories. There are four schools of thought which offer a theoretical explanation of organisational task and performance: Scientific Management†¦show more content†¦Mille Bindslev, Ventus Publishing, p30 A review of organisational theories 2 model of the early 20th Century. Like Ford s industrial model, the Scientific Management School no longer holds sway in its field as a managerial ideology . 6 The Administrative Theory school, championed by Taylor s contemporary Henri Fayol shared the process-driven approach of the Scientific Management School, but instead focused on administrative efficiency . The focus was on ensuring an organisation had the 7 right structure: a top-down pyramidal hierarchy to ensure coordination, and work teams to specialise on particular activities . The model has been subject to criticisms of 8 over-simplification . For example, the emphasis on structures at the expense of ensuring 9 organisational alignment to goals. Max Weber s Bureaucracy Model encompasses a wider realm than Taylor or Fayol s models, covering social and historical perspectives, and drawing on Weber s reputation as the leading light in the field of sociology . Weber defined bureaucracy as a specific 10 administrative structure, which is based on a legal and rule-oriented authority. This 11 included many elements of Fayol s Administrative Theory, but also covers goals, means, and side-effects.12 Weber s model forms the basis of many structural analyses, covering: strategy; structure; activities and implementation; and results. In essence, structure translating and 13 mobilising the strategy . ThisShow MoreRelatedContingency Theories in Management1657 Words   |  7 Pagesvariables of organisational size, routineness of task technology, environmental uncertainty and individual differences are reflected in the work of the manager that was interviewed. Using classical theories of Fayol, Mintzberg and Katz along practical examples f rom the managers’ day-to-day routine, this essay sets out to explain how these theories and functions impact upon how the manager applies the situational approach to management using the contemporary and widely accepted contingency theories. TheRead MoreStudy Skills Assignment ( Individual Work On Organisational Behaviour1381 Words   |  6 PagesASSIGNMENT (INDIVIDUAL WORK ON ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR) â€Å"A clear purpose will unite you as you move forward, values will guide your behaviour, and goals will focus your energy.† -Kenneth H. Blanchard Organisational Behaviour has been an instrument for human development. It speaks volumes about the importance of a person as a human being and as a team member. Various theories have been put forward by researchers that support this fundamental meaning of Organisational behaviour. At the IndividualRead MoreIlm Leadership859 Words   |  4 Pages(M5.29) 5 6 Assessment criteria (the learner can) 1.1 Review the prevailing leadership styles in the organisation Assess the impact of the prevailing leadership styles on the organisation’s values and performance Level: Credit value: Learning outcomes (the learner will) 1 Understand leadership styles within an organisation 1.2 2 Be able to review effectiveness of own leadership capability and performance in meeting organisational values and goals 2.1 Assess own ability to applyRead MoreOrganisational Development And Organizational Development1604 Words   |  7 PagesThe Organisational development article I have chosen gives context to Organisational development theories from early teachings to more recent academic research highlighting disconnect among OD researchers. The OD article is from the journal of applied behavioural science. Literature review explains shortcoming among OD research. 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Following by review on different types of resistance to change by Kotter Schlesinger and Powell Posner In fact, there are numerous types of resistance to change according to their own organisational culture in different

Persuasive Speech Sports Is A Huge Thing That Mean A...

Onsite audience Abstract: Sports is a huge thing that mean a lot for people all over the countries because of the entertainment which is provided to them by it. The sport has no meaning without the fans and spectators which they come and watch the sport onsite, they are like the soulmate they complete each other. The debate that has been found here was about â€Å"do onsite audience do more good than harm?†. There was two opinions that have been raised here, one opinion with the spectators while other opinion against the spectators. Who are against claim that spectators onsite do a lot of violence acts and they are huge danger on players because, they stress players while playing. On the contrary the other opinion say that the spectators do a lot for sports as they give spirit for players and also enhance the economy of a lot of team sports, the upcoming lines will show how sensible that why the second opinion is more true and valid. Nowadays the concept of spectating in sports is a part of the game, there is no meaning for sports without audience and fans. It has been known that the football has the most audience among all other sports, most of people love football and watch it frequently. There is a lot of other spectator sports like volleyball, hand ball , rugby , ice hokey and a lot of other spectator sports but football is the most watched sport and have most fans among these sports. Usually the football sport have most number of onsite spectators or audience dueShow MoreRelatedEssay on Terrorism in the Media1109 Words   |  5 Pagesaccompanying reports of their exploits, thus reducing terrorism to mere crime or sabotage. Through the media the world can see how terrorism has much in common with propaganda. Both can be expressed verbally and non-verbally and can be persuasive in intent, rather than, say, informative. 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To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New JerseyRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesTheory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constitutingRead MoreSales and Marketing for Financial Institutions80443 Words   |  322 Pagesmaterial by lecture or workshop may not necessarily be those of Kaplan. COPYRIGHT  © Kaplan Higher Education, 2012. All rights strictly reserved. No part of these materials covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means (graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or information retrieval systems) without the written permission of Kaplan Higher Education. Kaplan Higher Education makes every effort to contact copyright owners and request

The Last Battle by C.S. Lewis Essay Sample free essay sample

The Last Battle. the 7th and concluding book of The Chronicles of Narnia series written by C. S. Lewis is about the last conflict of Narnia against immorality and the decision to the fantastic narrative of the land of Narnia. The Last Battle trades with trueness and perfidy but in the terminal. goodness victory over immorality. The narrative starts with Shift the fallacious ape and Puzzle the non so cagey but mild donkey. tricked by Shift to feign as Aslan. The ape conspires with the Calormenes and deceives the speaking animals to obey orders in the name of Aslan. Narnia falls to the Calormenes. King Tirian. the last male monarch of Narnia puts a halt to the unorthodoxy and inhuman treatment to Narnians with the aid of his little ground forces. Eustace and Jill the youngest kids from the other universe. his friend Jewel the unicorn. Poggin the midget. Farsight the bird of Jove. We will write a custom essay sample on The Last Battle by C.S. Lewis Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page the speaking Canis familiariss and the other Narnians who remained loyal to the King. Aslan puts a lasting halt to evil and ends the being of Narnia. He rewards those who love him by allowing them in to his state. giving them the existent Narnia where merely the best things exist while those who hate him disappeared into the black shadows. Those who refuse to believe Aslan stayed in the dark sing emptiness. The narrative clearly depicts the good and bad and the effects you have to confront when you side with immorality. It inspires me to be a better individual and make good workss for I believe that in the terminal. all of us will acquire what we deserve. Lewis believes in the construct of Eden and snake pit. The manner he describes Eden is luring and I can truly conceive of it. I think it’s true plenty that goodness ever prevails. the bad will be punish and travel to hell while the good 1s will populate merrily of all time after with God in heaven as what Lewis tells in the book.

The Name Of The Rose Essays - Films, The Name Of The Rose

The Name of the Rose Umberto Eco has an interesting and fascinating style of writing as he, in great detail, tells of a series of crimes and unbelievable murders in a wealthy Italian abbey in the year1327. A monk, William of Baskerville, and his assistant, Adso, are assigned the challenge of decoding the numerous secret symbols to unravel the mysteries. They will have to explore the unusual labyrinth of a library to solve the crimes. The two monks have a lot of logic, wit, curiosity, and intelligence and find themselves up against a clever enemy, a murderer with all the appearance of the Antichrist. The original reason for William's being asked to come was to investigate the death of Adelmo, a young monk, who had apparently committed suicide. The abbot had heard of William's great knowledge and invited him to come and try to figure out the reason if or how this young monk had been killed. The abbot instructed him to bring a novice with him because the abbey had no one extra to spare. William had previously met a young monk named Adso during his travels and wanted him to come along so that he could later learn from William. The two traveled to the abbey, high on top of a mountain. When they arrived, the abbot showed his appreciation by preparing a large dinner in their honor. They were then informed of the details of the death of Adelmo. His body had been found at the bottom of a cliff on the side of the mountain. It was assumed that he had committed suicide, but they had no way of proving this hypothesis. If he had jumped, the only possible window would be from the library. This would be nearly impossible because entry to the library was forbidden to everyone except the librarian, and the assistant librarian; not even the abbot was allowed in this place. This explains why William was asked to come and investigate the death. If he didn't jump, who killed him and why? Another variable added to this whole problem was that someone had brought up the fact that the signs of the Antichrist were possibly being acted out. The Book of the Apostle said at the first sound of the trumpet came the hail, and Adelmo's body was found in the snow after a hailstorm; which was later found out from the abbot. Later that day, William and Adso had a brief encounter with Severinus, the herbalist. They asked him many questions about the abbey and what kinds of herbs he grew. They were trying to find out what, if any, herbs Adelmo may have gotten his hands on in order to kill himself. The only herbs that Severinus knew about that had that kind of power and that he had in his infirmary were still in their respective cases that had never been opened. After discussing this briefly, they asked Severinus to give them a tour of the Aedificium. Severinus took them up onto the second floor of the Aedificium, the Scriptorium. There they meet many copyists, scholars, rubricators, and the head librarian. They were also introduced to an old, blind monk named Jorge. They talked to Malachi, the librarian, about the books in the library. They had a very detailed talk with all of the people in the Scriptorium on the topic of laughter, which brings out the worst in some present, Jorge especially. He mentions that the Antichrist is on his way to the world because certain signs had been lurking around the abbey. He says, ? He is coming! .......Do not squander the last seven days!? At supper they were invited to the abbot's table to eat with Jorge; Alinardo, another older monk believed to have gone mad; the abbot; Malachi, the librarian; and Berengar, the assistant librarian. After dinner they went back into the church for Compline, the service before bed. They noted that Malachi had come in from a different door than all the rest of the monks. They then concluded that there must be an alternate entrance( an ossarium ) somewhere that he passed through the Aedificium to get out of the library. The next day they discovered something very gruesome. They were in the opening services when they noticed that Venantius was missing. During the service, a few swineherds came rushing in, which was very unusual, and went straight to the abbot. He rushed outside as the swineherds told all the other monks what had happened. They had seen legs sticking out of a barrel

Operation Linebacker in the Vietnam War

Operation Linebacker in the Vietnam War Operation Linebacker took place from May 9 to October 23, 1972 during the Vietnam War (1955-1975). In March 1972, with the United States working to transfer responsibility for fighting on the ground to the South Vietnamese, the North Vietnamese launched a major offensive. With South Vietnamese forces under pressure and giving ground, Operation Linebacker was launched with the goal of slowing the enemy advance by striking transportation and logistical targets. These air attacks proved effective and by June, North Vietnamese units were reporting that only 30% of supplies were reaching the front. An effective campaign, Operation Linebacker helped halt the Easter Offensive and aided in restarting peace talks. Fast Facts: Operation Linebacker Conflict: Vietnam War (1955-1975)Dates: May 9 to October 23, 1972Force Commander:United StatesGeneral John W. Vogt, Jr.Seventh Air ForceTask Force 77Casualties:United States: 134 aircraft lost to all causes Background As Vietnamization progressed, American forces began handing off responsibility for fighting the North Vietnamese to the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). In the wake of ARVN failures in 1971, the North Vietnamese government elected to move forward with conventional offensives the following year. Beginning in March 1972, the Easter Offensive saw the Peoples Army of Vietnam (PAVN) attack across the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) as well as east from Laos and south from Cambodia. In each case, PAVN forces made gains driving back the opposition. Debating the American Response Concerned about the situation, President Richard Nixon initially desired to order three days of B-52 Stratofortress strikes against Hanoi and Haiphong. In an effort to preserve the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, National Security Advisor Dr. Henry Kissinger dissuaded Nixon from this approach as he believed it would escalate the situation and alienate the Soviet Union. Instead, Nixon moved forward with authorizing more limited strikes and directed that additional aircraft be dispatched to the region. As PAVN forces continued to make gains, Nixon elected to push forward with a large escalation of air attacks. This was due to both the deteriorating situation on the ground and the need to preserve American prestige prior to a summit meeting with Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev. To support the campaign, the US Seventh Air Force continued to receive additional aircraft, including large numbers of F-4 Phantom IIs and F-105 Thunderchiefs, while the US Navys Task Force 77 was increased to four carriers. On April 5, American aircraft began striking targets north of the 20th Parallel as part of Operation Freedom Train. A US Air Force F-4 Phantom II during the Vietnam War. Photograph Courtesy of the US Navy Freedom Train Pocket Money On April 10, the first large B-52 raid struck North Vietnam and hit targets around Vinh. Two days later, Nixon began allowing strikes against Hanoi and Haiphong. American air attacks largely focused on transportation and logistics targets, though Nixon, unlike his predecessor, delegated operational planning to his commanders in the field. On April 20, Kissinger met with Brezhnev in Moscow and convinced the Soviet leader to reduce military aid to North Vietnam. Unwilling to risk an improving relationship with Washington, Brezhnev also pressured Hanoi to negotiate with the Americans. This led to a meeting in Paris on May 2 between Kissinger and Hanois chief negotiator Le Duc Tho. Sensing victory, the North Vietnamese envoy was unwilling to deal and effectively insulted Kissinger. Angered by this meeting and the loss of Quang Tri City, Nixon further upped the ante and directed that the North Vietnamese coast by mined. Moving forward on May 8, US Navy aircraft penetrated Haiphong harbor as part of Operation Pocket Money. Laying mines, they withdrew and additional aircraft conducted similar missions over the next three days. F-105D Thunderchief. Photograph Courtesy of the US Air Force Striking at the North Though both the Soviets and Chinese frowned on the mining, they did not take active steps to protest it. With the North Vietnamese coast effectively closed to maritime traffic, Nixon ordered a new air interdiction campaign, dubbed Operation Linebacker, to commence. This was to focus on suppressing North Vietnamese air defenses as well as destroying marshaling yards, storage facilities, transshipment points, bridges, and rolling stock. Commencing on May 10, Linebacker saw Seventh Air Force and Task Force 77 conduct 414 sorties against enemy targets. In the wars single heaviest day of aerial combat, four MiG-21s and seven MiG-17s were downed in exchange for two F-4s. During the early days of the operation, the US Navys Lieutenant Randy Duke Cunningham and his radar intercept officer, Lieutenant (j.g.) William P. Driscoll, became the first American aces of the conflict when they downed a MiG-17 (their third kill of the day). Striking targets across North Vietnam, Operation Linebacker saw the first widespread use of precision-guided munitions. MiG-17. US Air Force This advance in technology aided American aircraft in dropping seventeen major bridges between the Chinese border and Haiphong in May. Switching to supply depots and petroleum storage facilities, the Linebacker attacks began to have a telling effect on the battlefield as PAVN forces saw a 70% drop in supplies through the end of June. The air attacks, coupled with increasing ARVN resolve saw the Easter Offensive slow and finally stop. Unhampered by the targeting restrictions that had plagued the earlier Operation Rolling Thunder, Linebacker saw American aircraft pound enemy targets into August. Aftermath With imports into North Vietnam down 35-50% and with PAVN forces stalled, Hanoi became willing to resume talks and make concessions. As a result, Nixon ordered bombing above the 20th Parallel to cease on October 23, effectively ending Operation Linebacker. In the course of the campaign, American forces lost 134 aircraft to all causes while downing 63 enemy fighters. Considered a success, Operation Linebacker was critical to halting the Easter Offensive and damaging PAVN forces. An effective interdiction campaign, it began a new era of aerial warfare with the mass introduction of precision-guided munitions. Despite Kissingers proclamation that Peace is at hand, American aircraft were compelled to return to North Vietnam in December. Flying Operation Linebacker II, they again struck targets in an attempt to force North Vietnamese to resume talks.

How to Use a Rock Tumbler to Polish Jewelry

How to Use a Rock Tumbler to Polish Jewelry You can use a rotary tumbler (rock tumbler) to polish jewelry and to remove burrs from jump rings or other metal components. The rock tumbler works much like ocean waves, rubbing metal pieces against each other to dislodge grime and oxidation and smooth sharp edges. Jewelry Tumbler Materials List You only need a few simple items to turn a rock tumbler into a jewelry tumbler: Small rotary tumbler and barrel.Soap (not detergent). Ivory soap flakes are recommended.Polished steel shot. You want enough to fill the barrel about halfway. Jewelry Polishing Procedure Pour the shot into a clean barrel to about the halfway mark.Add enough water to cover the shot plus about 3/4 inch.Add a tablespoon of soap flakes.Load the jewelry and/or components into the barrel. You want them to be able to tumble, so pack them loosely.Seal the barrel and let the tumbler rotate for 6-8 hours.When the pieces are sufficiently polished, remove them from the tumbler and rinse them well with water. Helpful Tips Keep your steel shot covered with soap and water. All it takes is a few hours exposed to air for the shot to develop rust.Dont polish more than one chain at a time unless you derive pleasure from untangling some serious knots. You can add other jewelry in with a chain (earrings, rings, components), just dont polish chains together.If you use the same barrel for jewelry as you use to polish rocks, make certain that the barrel is absolutely clean. Otherwise, you may find yourself scratching your jewelry rather than polishing it!Remove chemical antiquing before polishing. Otherwise, a chemical reaction can cause green deposits to coat nooks and crannies.Use extreme care if you are polishing plated or filled components (e.g., silver-plated or gold-filled). You run the risk of wearing or chipping the outer layer of metal.Dont tumble components with stones, as they can become scratched or dislodged from their settings.

Personal Belief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Belief - Essay Example I graduated from high school long time ago. After graduation, I started to apply to colleges to continue my study. I choose to study Computer Engineering, which was my dream. Although my GPA in high school was high and I was very good in math, I wasn’t sure that I would be accepted in the program because I always have low self-steam and I thought they would not accept me, because they have applicants who are qualified for their program better than me. One month after my application, I got letter through the mail. It was from the university and while I was trying to open the envelop I wasn’t so excited, because I expected to find the refusal letter instead of acceptance. They wrote to me that they accepted me in agricultural instead of engineering college, as they think that it fits me better. In fact, I didn’t try to register in any other college because I believed them. I didn’t want to waste my money and my effort and at the end the answer will be the sa me. So, I decided to accept the offer. After one semester, I start to realize that this is my future and I don’t have to study something not interesting to me. So, I left the college. Because of my finance issue, I started to seek for a job, hoping that after I saved some money, I would continue my study. I applied for very big company, which had a lot of offers, high salary and good insurance. I was excited in the beginning, dreaming about the money, tickets that it would give me, insurance that would cover my expenses and my family expenses as well. After I got the interview, I started to worry about the job and for the whole week preceding the job interview my mind was occupied with all negative things that could happen during the interview. I actually, anticipated failure. During the interview, while they were asking me, I was worrying about my appearance, my tone and my answers, which distracted my attention and made it difficult for me to focus on the interview. The atmosphere

China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

China - Essay Example The stock markets were encouraged to grow and develop, and China embarked on a sustained effort to boost trade and investment activities with the outside world. Moreover, the private economic sector was given a boost and given substantial incentives and freedoms. This has come about gradually, with some hiccups and changes in direction, all aimed at bolstering Chinas global stature as an economic powerhouse and making sure that domestic industries are allowed to flourish. Moving forward from this state of affairs there are several challenges to the economy and to the social cohesiveness and stability of the country that the Chinese government needs to address. Those relate to the reduction of the high rate of savings or the deployment of those large savings, even as domestic consumption on the other end remains lackluster; the provision of jobs to a large section of the Chinese population; the reduction in the rate of crime and the rate of corruption inherent in the system; concerns relating to the environmental sustainability of its economic activities, in light of global warming, its increased fuel needs, and the need to source energy from cleaner alternative energy sources moving forward. This has implications for the overall sustainability of its economic drive, given the widespread damage to the environment at present, which cannot be totally abated because of the lack of cleaner, safer alternative energy supplies to coal and oil. Moreover, the demographic shift towards a greater number of older Chinese has tremendous repercussions for the future of the Chinese society and economy. Clearly the challenges include diversifying away from fossil fuel sources of energy, and sourcing more power from solar and other viable alternatives, including nuclear, though that presents its own problems too. Recent turmoils in the global economy likewise have rocked the Chinese economy to the extent that growth had stalled

The public education system in the U.S. Essay Example for Free

The public education system in the U.S. Essay In US the government mainly provides Public education. However the funding and control do not come from federal government and it differs from state to state and the control and funding can come from federal, State and local bodies. In addition school boards determine the curricula, teaching and other educational policies and it differs from state to state. In US public education competes with private education and the private education system in most cases is superior in educational quality in terms of curricula and in terms of student’s academic performance, teaching quality, extra curricula activities in elementary and secondary level. As well the cost per student is less in private educational institutions than public education in elementary and in secondary level. In addition in Higher education the cost is very high and the private Universities have more elitist status than the Public Universities in general and not accessible to most student groups. In addition there are charter schools, which are parochial in nature in secondary and in elementary level, and they are also superior in terms of educational quality in general compared to public schools. In addition in some state it has home schooling system but not in all states. In addition in US the age of entry in to the school system and exist from the school system differs and the grading system also varies from state to state and the standardized test and educational standards are mostly administered by the State government. Page: 2 US Public Education system Performance statistics compared to other advanced Industrial Countries In an article â€Å"Education in United States† in the WIKIPEDIA The Free Encyclopedia the following statistics have been documented. 1) United Nations assigned an Education Index of 99. 9 to United States ranking it number 1 in the world. 2) 76. 6 million students enrolled as per K16 study and 72% aged 12 to 17 were judged academically on track. Of these 5. 2 million attending private schools. 3) Among the adult population over 85% completed High school and 27% received bachelor degree or higher. 4) Literacy rate of 98% of the population over age 15, while ranking below average in mathematics and Science understanding. 5) A recent study showed that A slightly higher proportion of American adults qualify as Scientifically literate than European and Japanese adults. In addition the participation in continuing education is high for United States. Page: 3 These statistics shows that the American Public education system perform in some measures well and not in others particularly in mathematics and science education Compared to other advanced industrial countries. As Science and mathematics is crucial for future technical potential of US compared to other advanced countries and in a age of rapid development in Science and technology and if US lacks behind other advanced industrialized countries it may loose its competitive edge in this crucial field and hamper Its economic and social development in the future and also tackle the environmental issues facing the globe in the 21st century. As well the above statistics shows a sustancial proportion of students aged 12 to 17 are not academically on track and they may become unemployable or unemployed due to lack of skills and may become burden to society as whole and also for a source of social instability in US and also can produce an underclass. There fore based on the statistics above even though overall the US public education system is performing well it has serious weaknesses compared to other advanced industrial countries. The US Public education system in terms of its performance in meeting in developing appropriate skills for the majority of the students as well as maintaining a high standard Of science skills and update practical skills which is used in real world and its speed of change in its structure and curriculum and funding as well as teaching strategies based on the above statistics. In addition it must be flexibility to adept to special needs of student Page: 4 groups and disadvantage created by segregation policies in education, as the Public education system is the product of American social development. and provide access to education to these groups, as they are sustancial proportion of American society . As mentioned above the US public education system curriculum is diverse and has differing quality in different districts and also differs from one state to the next. The quality of curriculum is fundamental factor in the determination of what is taught is class, who is teaching, resources used, options given to students, assessment methods, who controls the curriculum and for who’s benefit. If the curriculum in quality differs then it will create more differences than if the curriculum is to some degree centralized in some European countries than in America and Public education in these countries has to follow basic curriculum in all states and provinces but adept to local conditions depending on the student profile, parents and teachers with some guidance and principles enunciated by a central educational authority. The educational reform must take in to consideration the educational structural factors of the degree of decentralization and centralization in to account if it wants to resolve and improve the performance of US Public education system. This is important as mentioned above the US Public educational system is very decentralized and has a parochial structure and allow too much differences in curriculum and in different quality and it is certainly will affect the quality of education in some schools in the Public education system. Page: 5 Segregation and inequality and the US Public education system In American Educational history segregation has produced disadvantage for the minority groups to suffer in terms of access to education particularly to quality education for a very long time. This has produced social and economic disparity compared to majority white population. Even now some minority student groups suffer from access to quality education and they tend to be mostly in the Public education system in the worst performing public schools and academically poor performers compared to the white student population. US Public Education system must address this disadvantage adequately and the current US Public education system structurally do not address this access and inequality adequately and there fore fails to raise the performance of these students academically and to provide opportunities to develop their full potential and there fore they become socially and economically a burden to American society and also a drain in resources in welfare terms. In US Public Schools where there are minority students particularly from disadvantage students the federal, state and local government must have guidelines and mandates to fund adequate resources for counseling services, remedial classes, appropriate welfare Referral services and also provides welfare services in housing, welfare services to parents to cover cost of education and other expenses so that they are physically healthy and mentally happy to develop their skills in the education system. Page: 6 US Public education system and Private Education system In US Public education system has to compete with private education system. As well some schools are parochial and also independent of government. The private schools are better resourced and also provide quality curriculum in general although there are exceptions. A considerable amount of student population is enrolled n private schools eventhogh majority of elementary and secondary schools students attend US public schools with different curriculum and in different quality determined by the school boards of different districts. As well the cost of education per student private schools is less than the US public education and it can also point to waste of resources because of too much bureaucracy compared to private schools. In addition the private schools give more carrier opportunities to teachers than the Public schools. As well in private schools the student to teacher ratio is small compared to US public school system. This may be a factor contributing to better quality of education in private schools compared to US Public education system. This shows to some extent the US public education has problems in its quality of education system and reform is necessary in curriculum development process and administration. Control, teacher qualification and carrier prospects, teacher performance measures and salary structure and ways to reduce class size in US public schools. This is vital to improve the performance of Us Public education system compared to private Page: 7 schools and also raise the standard of Science and mathematics education in US public education system. US Public Higher education system and US Private Higher Education system In US the public education system has pubic Universities and colleges as well community colleges. The public higher education competes with the private higher education system. The Private Universities have more elitist status compared to public Universities in general. As well the entrance requirements differ from one University to the next n the public university system and elitist universities have stringent requirements than other universities in the public as well as private university system. As well the private Universities quality of research and quality of education is better compared to public universities in general but there are exceptions. In addition because of segregation policies in the past the accesses ability to public higher education by minority student groups exist even the participation in higher education has increased by these groups in recent times. In addition the cost education in private and in public Universities are high in US, which is not affordable by many student groups even by the loan grant scheme by federal and private financial institutions. Page: 8 As discussed above in it is certain the US Higher education in the public sector must enhance its profile compared to the private universities and reform of public US higher education is necessary and the US public education system quality is questionable and has considerable weaknesses to be resolved to raise its higher education standard compared to private universities and compared to Universities of advanced industrialized countries. Creationism and evolution in Science education In US in the Public education system there is debate over creationism to be taught in Science education. There is considerable disagreement on this issue among religious groups, teachers of science, parents of well educated and other. This issue of teaching creationism in Public schools is a controversial issue in US and it must be resolved more than adequately by federal, state and local government authorities. If not resolved will affect the quality of education particularly the Science education and further disadvantage US students in Science skills compared to students from advanced industrialized countries and Japan or Korea. There fore the US public education system must resolve its social, religious and cultural issues in education and its impact on the quality of science education as in US religion plays a considerable role in education. The excessive religious influences must be curbed Page: 9 more than adequately by legal or other means to improve the quality of education particularly the science education in the US public education system. Degree of standardization in US Education system compared to other advanced industrialized countries In most advanced industrialized countries particularly in Europe the public education is comparatively centralized in terms of specifying curriculum, teaching standards, hours of schooling, assessment methods and testing and ensure uniformity in curriculum and options to be allowed and consistently revised to reflect changes in skill requirements in economy, student preferences and teacher and other educational professional inputs to improve the quality and efficiency of the school system. In contrast the US public education system is far more decentralized in control of curriculum, teaching and other issues. The excessive decentralized US public education systems structure may be a factor, which may have contributed to poor performance in science and mathematics understanding compared to other students from advanced industrialized countries. The issue of standardization and degree of centralization must be considered by the US Public education system as in science and mathematics in European countries the superior performance may be attributable to the standardization and the uniformity of curriculum and quality in all schools and the centralized control to some extent by the central educational authority and revised consistently if circumstances change in skill Page: 10 requirements and other factors such as input from teachers and teacher unions, parents and educational professionals and from input from business and religious community and student groups. In this respect US public education system must consider the degree of decentralization and its negative impact on the quality of education to improve structural impediments to enhance the quality of education. Contemporary issues in US Public Education system Curriculum issues The contemporary issues in US Educational system are Curriculum issues, funding, and Charter schools, control and competitiveness. The curriculum issues stems from the fact that there exists a variety of curriculum and in different quality. There are arguments over the standardization of curriculum and the degree of curriculum standardization because of the current existence of varying curriculum in different districts and in different states. In addition there is also arguments regarding English language teaching, evolution in Science education and the role of sex education. In US most citizens are divided in these issues and they are hotly debated. Some religious groups prefer teaching creationism in Science but some educated groups disagree teaching creationism. In addition there is also no consensus regarding sex education in the curriculum and in US most citizens are divided on sex education. As well there is debate over which subjects receive most focus Page: 11 with astronomy and geography not taught enough in schools. As discussed above the curriculum issues are complex in US and there exists no consensus and there fore it is very difficult to resolve these issues. However if these issues are not resolved adequately and not reformed will affect the quality of the education system, as the quality of the curriculum will determine to some extent the quality of the Public education system. Funding issues In addition the funding of Public education differs from one state to the next and differs in different districts. However State governments or local governments fund the school system. The cost per student in Public education is higher compared to the private elementary and secondary schools. In addition in funding property taxes are used to fund the public schooling system and it is controversial in US. In Higher education the cost is not affordable by many student groups and they pay their fees by loans from federal government or from private loans from financial institutions. Charter school issues There are charter schools in US based on the promise to create less bureaucratic schools which vest management in the hands of community members, parents, teachers and Page: 12 students. Recent studies indicate that the charter schools do not out perform the Public schools. However the federal government No Child Left Behind Act 2001 which extent the oversight of state schools and the power to withdraw funding from poorly performing schools and gives parents the choice to remove students from such schools. Control issues Mainly State governments exercise the control of education. However there exist many variations of the control structure. That is in some states the local bodies such as school boards have the power to control education than in others. In other wards the US Public education system is highly decentralized control structure compared to other advanced western countries. As well there are private schools which are parochial and not controlled by government and highly independent. Competitiveness issues The national Results in international comparisons indicate that the US education system is below average. As well in OECD programme for International Student Assessment 2003 indicate 15 year-old ranked 24 out of 38 in mathematics, 19 out of 38 in Science, 12 out of 38 in reading, and 26 out of 38 in problem solving. In addition many reputable has expressed concerns of the quality of US education system. For example Bill Gates has Page: 13 famously mentioned that the American High School system is obsolete. As discussed above the US Public education system has considerable issues to be resolved if it wants to improve its educational quality in elementary, and secondary level. In my view assessing the Public education system there must be some centralization or standardization is necessary as the US Pubic education system is very decentralized and produces different quality among public schools and some private schools are parochial in nature and some students groups may left behind in such system of education because of accessibility and affordability by many student groups. This structural problems of control and funding as well as curriculum issues must be resolved more than adequately to improve the quality of the education system and also to raise the competitiveness of US Public education system to the standards of advanced western countries and countries like Japan and Korea. In addition it also must set national standards for Teacher education and must radically revise the teaching practices and involve schools with the external business environment to raise the academic, social and problem-solving skills in a rapidly changing world to improve the issues of competitiveness of the US Education system. The curriculum to some degree must be centralized to become uniform to sole extent because there exist different curricula in different districts and the quality differs. As curricula is an important variable which affects educational quality outcome differing quality affects the overall quality of education in US Public education. However the curriculum must also have some flexibility addressing specific local educational issues Page: 14 and must have options as well have flexibility in the timing and the attending to schools and school hours and not strictly have strict timing of schooling. Science education must be more practical rather than school teaching and students must experience how the science works in the outside world and try to solve practical science problems in the real world and must continually update skills and experience as the changes in science field is rapid. That is the Science curriculum and teaching practices and assessment must be radically overhauled. This is also applicable to mathematics education to raise the mathematics education quality and standard in US public education system. In addition in US in Science education the teaching of creationism in science must be resolved more than adequate to improve the quality of Science education and stress the importance of evolution theory in Science compared to creationism which do not have sustancial scientific evidence to be taught in Science classes in US public education system. In summary the US Public education system have considerable issues which affects the quality of US Public education system’s quality and as discussed above it must resolve these issues more than adequately and must continually reform the structure of US Public education system to have a comparable quality with advanced countries and to satisfy the needs of a rapidly changing world. Page: 15 In addition there are problems arising from segregation and in equality in education and disadvantage in the US public education system which if not addressed adequately may produce a high proportion of students do not have the adequate skills or fall behind other students and they may become unemployable and cause social problems and may also cause social instability in the future. That is if access ability is not addressed in the US education system and remedial action is taken in time it may contribute to a significant minority student groups failing to meet the skills necessary to survive in the rapidly changing world of work. In US public education home schooling is an important factor at least in some states and these states must consider the negative impacts of home schooling and provide adequate safe guards to ensure the quality of home schooling and monitor progress continually to upgrade and to reconsider home schooling if they produce poor educational outcomes. As discussed above it is certain that the US public education has several issues affecting its quality in a negative manner. It must reform the public education system in funding, the role of charter schools, role of home schools, degree of decentralzation and control and curriculum issues, hours of education and flexibility, teaching methods, teacher quality issues, standardized tests, regulation of private school system particularly in parochial private school system, cost of higher education and access by minority student groups, role of business in education to improve its quality of public education system in US. Bibliography Burke, F. G. ( 1990). Public Education: Who’s in Charge?.Praeger. Retrieved march 25, 2007 from http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=23097272 Daly, J. Future Schools. The George Lucas Educational Foundation. Retrieved March, 25, 2007, from http://www. edutopia. org/magazine/ed1article. php? id=Art_1750issue=feb_07 Education in the United States. (n. d. ). Retrieved March 25, 2007, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States Hardway, R. M. ( 1995). America Goes to School: Law, Reform and Crisis in Public Education. Praeger, Retrieved March, 25, 2007, from http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=15121217

Perception of McDonald’s Essay -- Business, Unhealthy Food

Perception of McDonald’s McDonald’s has expanded globally into 31,000 worldwide outlets and employed more than 1.5 million people in more than 119 countries (Kulkarni, Lassar, Sridhar & Venkitachalam, 2009). Nevertheless, McDonald’s always faces negative perception and commonly related in serving unhealthy and junk foods amongst its customers around the world (Currie, Dellavigna, Moretti, & Pathania, 2009). It is not only the negative perception of public, but McDonald’s have been attacked and accused of selling unhealthy food in several countries, including the US, China, Belgium, Holland, India, Russia, Sweden and the United Kingdom (Wilson, 2009). Meanwhile, the core of the current problem is that customers’ still buy fast foods, even though they have negative perceptions on McDonald’s as regards to unhealthy foods. At this point, customers are confused about fast food nutrition messages provided by McDonald’s, while it is still perceived as bad images (Deng, 2 009). In order to overcome this issue, there are changes in McDonald’s marketing and communication strategies as they have started to plan strategic action with two objectives; first, to change the image of McDonald’s from junk food restaurant to a healthy food restaurant, as this will attract health conscious customers and at the same time can enlarge the market scope. Secondly, to change behavior of the existing customers who keep on taking only junk foods, and to persuade frequent fast food users to change their lifestyle by buying balanced meal with McDonald’s new healthy foods (Deng, 2009). ). Perception of McDonald’s Icon-Based Nutrition Label The increasing number of developments in the nutrition field and technologies give a great contribution and invol... ... protein, fat, carbohydrates, and salt (Hoffmann, 2007). Illustration in the Table 1 below shows the icon-based nutritional label used by McDonald’s on their food wrapper, pamphlet and restaurant website. Similar thought can be argued on the display area or position that McDonald’s present their nutrition label. For instance, McDonald’s posted their nutrition label through diverse medium such as in restaurant website, on tray liners, pamphlet, in-store displays and interestingly printed on the food wrappers. As compared to other fast food, McDonald’s take an active steps to create an awareness of nutrition label through different channel and this is explained by Hoffman (2007) that this different channel purposely to generate repeated exposure to the nutrition label, and customers should eventually grasp their meaning, with or without printed labels presented.

Life & experienced

My life has experienced its fair share if twists and turns. If there is one thing that I have learnt from life, it is preparing to expect the unexpected. I always try to keep an open mind towards situations and it helps me to stay unruffled during adversity.I maintain a positive outlook towards life even during hardships, which helps me focus on things that need to be done in the present rather than worrying about the past. It has also helped face failure with optimism and given me confidence that anything is possible if adequate time and effort are put in.I enjoy reading books and feel that it is extremely enlightening and entertaining at the same time. I feel that good books can talk to people and change lives. I have read quite a few good books that have greatly influenced me and made who I am today.I enjoy playing outdoor sports and feel that it a great way to exert pent-up energy and refresh the mind. A good game has the power to take the mind off negative thoughts. I believe it helps to lead a healthy lifestyle since it acts as adequate exercise to the body and soul. It is also an excellent way to learn sportsmanship and make new friends.I feel college education is absolutely essential to gather knowledge, which would otherwise take years of experience. However, I do understand there is no substitute for real world experience. But, I just feel that a college degree would give a head start towards launching a successful career.I also hope that college life would expose me a world of new possibilities and people that would made life more interesting. I have been quite a disciplined and dedicated student in school, which is reflected by grades and clean record. I also stick to strong moral values, as a result of my healthy upbringing and good friends.I am looking forward to learning new things from professors and academic experts, enabling me to be a more enlightened person. I like making new friends by mingling with my fellow students and getting to know th eir experiences and thoughts on life.I feel that college is the best place to make human connections that last for a lifetime, since we reach a mature state of mind and are also free from the greed that haunts the professional world. I am good in coordinating charity events and can help out in organizing any event. I am very open to learning and quite good in grasping things quickly. I believe that I can I contribute to your student community in more ways than one by being an honest, unbiased, helpful person.I seek joy by helping other people, especially the ones that desperately need help. It makes my heart ache to see people in our very own country suffer without food and a proper place to stay. I am willing to do whatever it takes to revive this situation.However, I feel that I have to first empower myself with the necessary tools to accomplish this noble cause. I believe that I have to start with higher education which is the one of the key steps. Dedication and persistence in h ealthy doses measure are also equally important to reach this goal.I am very patient person and would like help out elderly people are abandoned by their kids. I feel that everyone deserves someone to care for them and listen to them. I wish to visit elderly rest homes and interact with senior citizens. I wish get their perspective on current affairs and help them in little ways that matter.I wish to spend time with time with them on a regular basis and offer such elderly homes my free services. If I could help out a few elderly people, it would make me feel extremely proud and contented.I gone through many trails and tribulations in my life so far and all of them have only made me a stronger person. Even when I failed in my tests, I never gave up hope and have always been ready to face tough situations. I feel this quality of mine helps me to keep moving forward in life. I would have to mention my math teacher who helped me a lot to come out of failure and taste success.I will alwa ys be grateful to her and I made decision to be helpful to other people. I have also helped a lot of my friends during personal crisis and family emergencies. I try not pass judgments and am very open-minded.This has helped me gain the trust of my friends and prompted them to share their personal problems with me. It has also made me gain insight into human pain and uncover ways to deal with it. This has helped to understand that that every wound will heal with time.I see myself as a very active and sociable person. I have a penchant for doing social work and fighting for good causes. I would like to participate in events that deal with cleansing the environment and taking a new fresh look at humanitarian issues.I believe it is my duty as a human being to exhibit empathy and devote time to improve the world that I live. Nothing in the world would be give me more pride and joy than knowing that I have made a difference in another person’s life.

An every woman matters study Essay

In this country, many feel as though health care is a right of the citizens. I myself struggle with this idea as I do believe we need to address the health care needs of our country but do not feel responsible for those that make poor health care decisions on a daily basis and look for us as a country to care for them. With that same thought, I feel a responsibility to help those that are truly trying and are not offered health care benefits through their employers, and cannot afford to purchase health care insurance, as well as the underinsured. We have to take a stance of what is best for the whole. Our health system struggles with access to health services for everyone. The government is very focused on easing this access through its programs. In 1965, the passage of Medicare and Medicaid were revolutionary in that it provided coverage for the elderly and low income to include the disabled. While not perfect it opened more opportunities for access. In 2010, another revolutionary p olicy can into being with the passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). This pushes employers to either supply health coverage of face a penalty. For the smaller employers that offer coverage, in return they receive a tax credit. Again, this effort is to reduce those uninsured and underinsured in our country through federal policy (Kovner & Knickman, 2011). We are fighting an uphill battle with health care, because as we have tried to make health care more accessible to the citizens of this country we are seeing the cost rise at alarming rates. Kovner and Knickman (2011) points out that between 1999 and 2009 household income rose 38% while insurance premiums rose 131%. This creates more underinsured and uninsured Americans to care for which is an economic crisis for this country that we must address. We have to find new and different ways to overcome the economic obstacles we face with rising cost. Thaler (2013), in his article in The New York Times, says no single change will allow our health care system to be transformed into one that we need and that we need to try many new approaches that are not in lined with the typical way of thinking. He offers some suggestions that make a lot of sense. He says we should first look to change our way of thinking about services. He says we should be paying providers for keeping their patients healthy instead of paying for test and procedures. The federal government should protect providers with a proven quality record of care and from malpractice lawsuits. Patients can opt out of these providers  care but who would realistically do that given the quality they receive? Evidence-based practices should be employed with care to avoid unnecessary tests such as CT scans and M.R.I.’s that many times leads to more unnecessary, unrelated tests. He also believe more energy needs to be spent to employ pharmacist, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants and allow to practice to the fullest extent to allow to allow primary care physicians to spend more time with patients. The idea of promoting health to avoid health care issues is far less costly than treating a disease process once it arises. I am a firm believer in preventative medicine and not enough energy is place on this type of health care. We are far too focused on what I call reactive medicine. Improved quality has been proven through research to be more cost effective. All care should be evidence-based to help improve the quality and decrease cost in the long run. References Kovner, A. R., & Knickman, J. R. (2011). Jonas & Kovner’s Health Care Delivery in the United States (10 ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. Thaler, R. H. (2014, February 23). Overcoming Obstacles to Better Health Care. The New York Times. p. BU6. Response

Free Essays on Discrimination Against A Social Class

In today’s society discrimination takes on many different forms, from gender inequality to the social class of a person. Everyday people are looked down upon because of the color of their skin or because they may have different beliefs. However, although there are many forms of discrimination, the people that are discriminated against because of their lower social class are being pointed out and labeled a â€Å"disgrace† to society in some ways. Instead of providing assistance to these people in need, society wants to ridicule them and take even more away from them, making it even harder for them to succeed. According to The Declaration of Independence â€Å"all men are created equal†, yet in some cases this isn’t true at all. The people that discriminate against the people that don’t have a lot of money are only contributing to that person’s problems. This is only hurting their situation even more. In an article entitled â€Å"The Culture of Cruelty† by Ruth Conniff (associate editor of â€Å"The Progressive†) she is speaking with a man on a morning radio show about welfare. The caller was very adamant about letting her know what he thought about the â€Å"freeloading welfare mothers living on the high hog†. â€Å"A whiff of starvation is what they need† (Coniff 265). Is this the way people really think in society? Are people that need assistance from the government inadequate to the people that have a good job and a nice home? Many people have just had a hard time in life and need some help in life. There may be people in the world that use the benefits that the government gives them to their advantage, so they don’t have to work. Yet there are people that truly use those benefits for the right reasons. In some cases the people that are in need of assistance will not ask for help simply because society has made the word â€Å"welfare† seem dirty. Therefore these people refuse the assistance they truly need to keep t... Free Essays on Discrimination Against A Social Class Free Essays on Discrimination Against A Social Class In today’s society discrimination takes on many different forms, from gender inequality to the social class of a person. Everyday people are looked down upon because of the color of their skin or because they may have different beliefs. However, although there are many forms of discrimination, the people that are discriminated against because of their lower social class are being pointed out and labeled a â€Å"disgrace† to society in some ways. Instead of providing assistance to these people in need, society wants to ridicule them and take even more away from them, making it even harder for them to succeed. According to The Declaration of Independence â€Å"all men are created equal†, yet in some cases this isn’t true at all. The people that discriminate against the people that don’t have a lot of money are only contributing to that person’s problems. This is only hurting their situation even more. In an article entitled â€Å"The Culture of Cruelty† by Ruth Conniff (associate editor of â€Å"The Progressive†) she is speaking with a man on a morning radio show about welfare. The caller was very adamant about letting her know what he thought about the â€Å"freeloading welfare mothers living on the high hog†. â€Å"A whiff of starvation is what they need† (Coniff 265). Is this the way people really think in society? Are people that need assistance from the government inadequate to the people that have a good job and a nice home? Many people have just had a hard time in life and need some help in life. There may be people in the world that use the benefits that the government gives them to their advantage, so they don’t have to work. Yet there are people that truly use those benefits for the right reasons. In some cases the people that are in need of assistance will not ask for help simply because society has made the word â€Å"welfare† seem dirty. Therefore these people refuse the assistance they truly need to keep t...

Guide to ACT Calculators Expert Tips

Guide to ACT Calculators Expert Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Knowing when where and how to best use a calculator on the ACT can be tricky. You are allowed to bring a calculator on test day (none will be provided for you), and it can mean the difference of several points on the ACT to have a calculator versus having none. But what kind of calculator should you bring and how should you make best use of it during the test? In this guide, we’ll cover everything you need to know about calculators on the ACT, from when you're allowed to use them, to what kinds are allowed, to how to avoid the most common ACT calculator mistakes. What Section Can I Use a Calculator On? You may only use a calculator for the ACT math section. Despite the fact that some ACT Science questions require basic calculations like addition or division, a calculator is strictly forbidden on every section except for ACT Math. Do I Need a Calculator? Technically, you do not need a calculator for the ACT. This is because the ACT is a standardized test and it would be unfair of the makers of the test to discriminate against anyone who could not afford to buy a calculator. That said, you should definitely bring a calculator! Though you'll only ever need to perform basic calculations for the test, it's much less time consuming (and often far more accurate!) to plug $64*3.14159$ (or $π$) into your calculator than it is to solve it long-hand. If you’re doing every ACT math question by hand, you will most likely NOT complete the full section within the allotted time. So do bring your calculator (as well as an alternate calculator and/or extra batteries). Always keep this information in mind as you go through the test: a calculator isn't technically needed for the test. Think about how that applies to how you approach each question. If you think you're being asked to find the perimeter of a cube with side lengths of $√15$ and none of the answers are in root form (i.e., $4√15$), chances are you misread or misunderstood the question. Are they actually asking you for the cube's area? Or did you calculate the sides of the cube inaccurately? If you find that there is no way to find an answer to a problem without a calculator (basically, if you need to do something more than basic calculations, which we will discuss later in this guide), you are on the wrong track! Take a step back and reevaluate what you're being asked. One of these paths takes you much farther away than you wanted to be. What Calculators Are Allowed on the ACT? The ACT is a little more strict than the SAT is when it comes to the calculators you're allowed to bring. For example, the SAT allows the TI-89 (a popular calculator), while the ACT forbids it. For the ACT, you can bring any calculator that does NOT have computer algebra system (CAS) functionality. A CAS calculator can solve problems algebraically, which would defeat the purpose of many of the ACT questions. If your calculator is not on the restricted list, it's allowed. According to official ACT guidelines, you must clear all documents on your calculator (so that you cannot bring notes), all programs with CAS capability, and all apps with CAS capability. They specifically mention that it is not enough to disable these programs- they must be fully removed. That said, most proctors aren't as strict as the ACT guidelines are. If you have a restricted calculator or functions, it won't hurt you to try to bring it to the testing center. But do bring a back-up calculator that you're used to using in case your proctor won't let you use your first-choice calculator. Types of Calculators NOT Allowed on the ACT This is the forbidden valley list of calculators and devices. Anything NOT on this list is considered an ACT-approved calculator by default: You are NOT allowed to bring any kind of laptop, phone, tablet, or PDA to use as a calculator. You CANNOT have anything with a paper tape readout. Exception: If you can remove the paper tape for the test, you can use it. You CANNOT have anything that plugs in. Exception: If you can remove all power/electrical cords for the test, you can use it. You CANNOT have anything that makes noise or can communicate with another device. Exception: If you can turn off the sound for the test, you can use it. You CANNOT have anything that has a QWERTY keyboard on it. You CANNOT use anything with an infared data port Exception: Cover the infared data port with heavy opaque material like duct tape or electrician's tape. You'll need to do this for calculators like the HP 38G series, HP 39G series, and HP 48G. Texas Instruments You CANNOT have any model that begins with TI-89 You CANNOT have any model that begins with TI-92 You CANNOT have the TI-Nspire CAS (The TI-Nspire non-CAS is allowed) Hewlett-Packard You CANNOT have the HP Prime You CANNOT have the HP 48GII You CANNOT have any model that begins with HP 40G You CANNOT have any model that begins with HP 49G You CANNOT have any model that begins with HP 50G Casio You CANNOT have the fx-CP400 (ClassPad 400) You CANNOT have the ClassPad 300 You CANNOT have the ClassPad 330 You CANNOT have the Algebra fx 2.0 You CANNOT have any model that begins with CFX-9970G No official word on whether or not you're allowed to bring an abacus, but my advice is to stick with devices that were designed after 1980. What's the Best ACT Calculator? In terms of calculator use for the ACT, familiarity is better than gadgetry. Because you're only going to be asked to perform basic calculations on the ACT math section, you won't need the most high-tech and advanced calculator model in the world. Fancy calculators are more likely to slow you down while you try to figure out their quirks and functions than they are to help you. That said, if you are most familiar with a high-tech (and ACT-approved) calculator, definitely bring it! What's most important is that your calculator is one you know well and are used to using. So pick one calculator and use it for everything. Use this same calculator for your math classes as well as on the ACT, so that you can become familiar with it before test day. If, on the other hand, you have no preference and are looking for advice on a calculator model, I'd personally recommend the TI-30X as the best calculator for ACT Math. The TI-30X great if you’re on a budget (no matter where you shop, you can get it for less than $18) and will do everything you need- parentheses, negatives, exponents, square roots, four basic functions, etc.- without getting into the overly complex functions and capabilities (which you won’t need anyway). But no matter what, make sure you familiarize yourself with your calculator before test day! Do some practice problems with your calculator at home before you take your official test. Don't just reach for the fanciest device you can find- make sure you really know your machine! How to Avoid Common ACT Calculator Mistakes Although you should definitely bring a calculator (again, preferably the calculator you feel most comfortable with), it is far more important to understand the question than it is to immediately reach for a calculator. Many problems are actually much simpler than they appear and can be done in seconds without a calculator. So don’t automatically reach for the calculator before you analyze the problem. With a problem like this, there are several approaches, each taking more or less time than the other. Option 1: Fastest way, no calculator. The question tells you this is an isosceles triangle. If you remember your formula for isosceles triangles, you can immediately say that the hypotenuse is $s√2$ or, in this case, $10√2$. So the answer is E. Option 2: Medium-fast, no calculator. You can quickly see that $10^2+10^2=200$. The hypotenuse, therefore, is: $√200$ or $√100*√2$ This becomes $10√2$. So the answer is E. Option 3: Slowest way, with calculator. If you forget both your isosceles triangle formula and how to reduce square roots, you can still do this problem (though it will take longer). $10^2+x^2=c^2$ You know that this is an isosceles triangle, so each side will be equal: $10^2+10^2=c^2$ $200=c^2$ $c=√200$ If you do not remember how to reduce the square root of 200, find the answer in your calculator (approximately 14.14) and then find the answer that matches. A, B, and C are eliminated, as they are integers. The square root of 20 will be far too small (4.47), since you are trying to find the square root of 200. The square root of 2 is 1.414. $(1.414)(10)=14.14$. So the answer is E, $10√2$ As with the above, some questions can be solved much faster in your head (or on scratch paper) than on a calculator. If the question requires a calculation you cannot do quickly or easily in your head, definitely use your calculator. But make sure to always double check your input line (the part where you type into your calculator) before you calculate the results! Plugging in the wrong values (or forgetting that crucial negative sign or parentheses) can make all the difference between a right and a wrong answer. For example, if you have $x=−5$ and an equation $f(x)=x^2+12$, make sure that you're plugging in your $x$ correctly. There is a huge difference between plugging in $−(5^2)+12$ and $(−5^2)+12$ into your calculator! The first equation is inaccurate and gives you -13. The second equation is correct and gives you 37. Make sure you are calculating for $x$ equals -5 here, not the finding the negative of 5 squared. If you’re making numerous errors in your practice tests, write down the equation by hand first. Even if it’s a problem that looks simple, doing it entirely on a calculator (or in your head) can lead to errors. Write down your steps before you whip out the calculator. When to Use Your Calculator You will never need your calculator to do more than a few basic calculations. You will only ever be asked to: Add Example: $213+456$ Subtract Example: $3500−1200$ Multiply Example: $33*10$ Divide Example: $54/3$ Take a Number to an Exponent And, even so, you'll only need to express a number to an exponent in a way that someone without a calculator could also do. For example, you may need to manipulate $x^23$ or $y^10$, but this is based on your understanding of exponent rules: Based on your knowledge of how exponents work, you know that $x^a*x^b=x^(a+b)$. So we have: $(2)(3)=6$ $x^4*x^5=x^(4+5)=x^9$ $y^1*y^8=y^(1+8)=y^9$ So the final answer is H, $6x^9y^9$ As you can see, this can all be done without a calculator. The ACT will never ask you for the answer to large exponent values, so you'll never need to find the value of $3^23$ or $2^10$, for example. The ACT math example above is typical of an exponent question you'll see on the test. Find the Square Root Square root problems will only be as complicated as making you find the value of perfect squares (e.g. $√81$), or having you reduce square roots (e.g. $√18=3√2$). If you know your basic squares ($2^2=4$, $3^2=9$, etc) and if you know how to reduce a square root, then you won’t need a calculator. Combine Different Kinds of Calculations The hardest part of your calculations will be in keeping them straight and putting them together. Again, you can solve this problem in one of two ways- with or without a calculator. Option 1: Fastest way, no calculator. Think about the percentages in terms of solid units of something. In this case, think of them as marbles. If you have four marbles and increase the amount by 25%, you are adding one marble (25% is equal to $1/4$th). So now you have five marbles. Then, you must take away 20% of those five marbles. Well, 20% is $1/5$th, so you're now back to four marbles. You began with four marbles and you ended with four marbles; you have exactly what you started out with. So the answer is C, 100% Option 2: Slower way, with calculator. You could also solve the problem algebraically. $x+0.25x=1.25x$ $1.25x−(0.2)(1.25x)=1x$ or 100% Either way, you are left with answer C, 100% Bottom line: if you find that you're trying to perform more complicated equations than these basic ones, you're likely going down the wrong path! Put your calculator down and examine what the question is really asking. Don't allow your time and energy to get sucked into doing unneeded calculations. The Take-Aways A calculator can be a great asset on the ACT, but only if you know how to use it properly. Make sure first that you're interpreting each problem correctly and develop the correct approach before you reach for your calculator. It’s far more important that you have a solid understanding of the mathematical concepts you’ll be tested on for the ACT than it is for you to be an expert at manipulating your calculator. Double check that you're using one of the ACT-approved calculators and familiarize yourself with your calculator model before test day. Finally, know that if you’re going down the rabbit hole of functions for each question, there's likely a much easier way to solve the problem. Keep all of these ACT calculator tips in mind, and you'll be good to go on test day! What's Next? Looking to boost your ACT Math score? Make sure you know exactly what's tested on ACT Math. And review your list of ACT Math formulas to make sure you know everything you need to before test day! Looking for an ACT math tutor? Read up on what makes for a good ACT math tutor, or find out more about PrepScholar's ACT tutoring options here. Aiming for a perfect score? Look no further than our article on how to get a 36 on the ACT math, written by a 36 ACT-scorer. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by ACT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

Macroeconomics and Microeconomics - Auction Theory Essay

Macroeconomics and Microeconomics - Auction Theory - Essay Example The first type of open auctions is called English or ascending bid auctions, where the auction is usually done in real time. In this case, the seller usually sets a low price as the beginning price, after which the price is increased gradually as the bidder offer their prices. The bidders drop out of the auction as their true values are exceeded until the last bidder gets the item at her intrinsic value. The second type of auction is called Dutch or descending bid auctions, where the seller starts the auction at a high price and then gradually drops until the first bidder states the price and takes the item at the stated price (Easley and KleinBerg, 2010). The main area of focus for this paper is sealed bid auctions, which are divided into two types; first-price sealed bid auctions and second-price sealed bid auctions. The first-price sealed bid auction is one where all the buyers submit simultaneous sealed bids to the seller, who opens them and sells the item to the highest bidder a t the stated price (Easley and KleinBerg, 2010). Conversely, second-price sealed bid auctions refer to a case where the buyers submit sealed bids to the seller, who opens them and sells the item to the highest bidder, but at the second highest price. This type of auction is also called Vickrey auctions (Koutsojannis and Sirmakessis, 2009). Informational asymmetry in auctions usually affects the bidding decisions of both the seller and the buyer (Koutsojannis and Sirmakessis, 2009). To describe seller monopoly, consider an auction where the seller attaches a price of x on the item, and the bidder attaches a price of y to the item. In this case, the surplus to the seller and the buyer is...This essay outlines key concepts of the auction theory and stresses the importance of the game theory advances in choosing the right bidding strategy. This paper mainly focuses on first-price and second-price sealed auctions. The types of auctions are usually dispersed between open and sealed auctions, both of which need different types of bidding strategies . The first type of open auctions is called English or ascending bid auctions, where the auction is usually done in real time. The second type of auction is called Dutch or descending bid auctions, where the seller starts the auction at a high price and then gradually drops until the first bidder states the price and takes the item at the stated price The first comparison is between descending bid auctions and first-price auctions, where we know that, in a descending bid auction, the seller lowers the price until the first bidder gets the item at the highest price. Conversely, second-price sealed bid auctions and ascending bid auctions are similar. In the case of first-price sealed bid auctions, the value of the bid affects both the winning fact and how much the winning bidder pays for the item. The game theory setting for this kind of bid is to set up the bidders as players, where a bidder i assigns a value v to the item and bids at a price b. The dominant strategy in the case of second-price sealed bids is a truthful strategy, where the bidder bids the price of her true value as assigned to the item, since deviations from the price does not increase the payoff earned

Child Soldier Issue in Sudan, Uganda and Central African Republic Research Paper

Child Soldier Issue in Sudan, Uganda and Central African Republic - Research Paper Example The need to be able to earn a livelihood and support one's family in terms of earning mere amounts of money for younger siblings or suffering parents made many children become part of the worldwide child soldier community. The reasons that may thus prompt a child to become a child soldier may be the thought to support a poor family, separation from family or child running away due to unfavorable living circumstances, children displaced from their homes, children living in war zones, and children who may have little or no access to education. Orphans and children from refugee camps all over the world become acute targets of being enrolled as child soldiers as well. Owing to all the above mentioned possibilities it may we be assessed that social and economic pressures are the main key behind this grave issue. Children whose families live in warzones may have lost any of their close family member and resultantly may aim to avenge this incident by adopting to becoming a child soldier the mselves. "UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan has condemned child soldiering as a â€Å"damaging and despicable practice† (Child Soldiers, 13) Feelings of uncertainty and insecurity prevail in underdeveloped societies. Families see their and their children's' survival only if they'd be equipped with arms and would be trained to fight for their rights no matter to whatever extent of training it may involve. In addition to all this the providing of free food, clothing and lodging for their children and security are also a very attractive incentives for them. Societal issues are also a major trigger of increasing number child soldier recruitments. For underdeveloped societies where the countries are in a state of unrest it is not uncommon for young children to have lost a single or both parents and to get caught at the hands of the child hunting mafia to get eventually ending up as a militia's recruit. At times the elders purposely brainwash their children and convince them to willi ngly become militants so as to boost their fighting force against their potential enemies. The Concept In certain societal adverse circumstances children may be forced to join armed forces. If they resist they may be threatened to be killed.("Why do Children Become Soldiers?",n.p.). Child soldiers are not part of mainly the official armies of nations but are rather recruited on a regular basis by armed political groups who need fresh blood, conveniently replaceable, potentially harmless and energetic individuals at a very rapid rate. The numbers of recruits are in tens and thousands and their recruitments are both legal and forcible. As a part of their training these poor recruits are subject to all kinds of non-ethical behaviors such as rape, violence, hard labor and other forms of exploitation as well as being trained to use all sorts of weapons under the harshest of survival conditions. ("Child Soldiers" 13) The experiencing of harsh and violent conditions at one's own hands and at such a trivial age of being below eighteen results at the undermining of humanity in the child's conscience. The resultant is that these child soldiers become

Ethical Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical Issues - Essay Example Society of Professional Journalists 2). With each of these, there are more particular codes that need to be followed by journalists. Thus, violations of ethics and guidelines led to various ethical issues that journalism profession is facing today. This paper aims to discuss two ethical issues in journalism, which include bribery and extortion. Bribery and Extortion According to the Center for International Media and Assistance (CIMA), bribery and extortion are considered as the most crucial issue in journalism (Nyaira 300). Bribery means the act of accepting or offering some benefits either cash or kind to a certain employee or public servant. In journalism, it is called envelopmental journalism or accepting bribes in exchange for favorable media coverage. On the other hand, extortion is related to bribery, but the only difference is that extortion is the act of obtaining something like money by force or blackmail (Shava 4). Examples of Bribery An editor of a famous newspaper public ation accepted money from a government official who committed corruption. The money serves a bribe instead of exposing the official’s wrongdoing; the editor wrote some accomplishments and projects done by the official to cover corruption issue. In this case the editor is not fair, honest, and accurate. Most of all, the editor did not act independently, which is a violation of ethics. ... Examples of Extortion According to a report, Zimbabwe journalists already disregard ethics since their government already controls what news to write and how to write them. They are forced to do so since their lives are threatened. Politicians only speak to those media outlets they support (Shava). As a consequence, journalists no longer comply with principles of accuracy, fairness, and honesty in writing news stories since they are writing articles based on what is being instructed. Conclusion Ethics is very important in every profession. Journalism as one of the noble careers also has set of ethical principles which need to followed. However, not all journalists sincerely follow the principles of accuracy, fairness, and honesty as it affected by several reasons. Bribery and extortion have become the most crucial ethical issues in journalism. Journalists voluntarily accept bribes in exchange for favorable media, which is called bribery and others like in Zimbabwe, are forced to do s o since they are threatened by politicians. Ethical Issues in Advertising Advertising refers â€Å"to any paid form of personal or non-personal presentation of promotional ideas, products or services by the use of media like TV, radio, magazines, newspapers etc by an identified person† (Kaptan 8). According to Yeshin, advertising is essential because it helps the people to select a particular product. Since it has a great impact on consumer behaviour, advertising like other fields also has a set of ethical standards, which need to be followed. Businesses need to be honest, fair, and straightforward in advertising products or services (American Advertising Federation 4). Violations of these will lead people to wrong direction. Nevertheless, not all companies

Consumers Decision: Imitate Foreign Brands

Consumers Decision: Imitate Foreign Brands 1.1 Introduction Nowadays, many businesses have launched in the market. But its not easy to make appreciate for every people. Maybe, that is a reason of the customer decision. While, the student is part of purchasing power that the trader directed. Consumer behaviour is the study of how individuals make decision to spend their available resources on consumption-related item(SchiffmanKanuk, 1997). In University the product is important for the student. While, the product not cover all student because maybe the teenager choose the product follow the life style that their love. So, the product have more effected to decision purchasing with the student in teen ages. Specially, the foreign brand is trust brand that have support purchasing power by the customer. In Global setting, every product have evaluated and developed all time for customer need that is heart of competition in a commercial sale. The most people have selected the product follow several factor. So, the companies will be improving your products. Otherwise, the customers that have purchasing power can be change to other royalty brand. The better they understand the factors underlying consumer behaviour (Assael, 1998). The better able they are developing effective marketing strategies to meet consumer needs. In National setting, the several factor to make a purchase. Its reason to consider for trader to select product that sales and support. The several factor have effect to making a purchase (Scheinberg, 1992) such as marketing strategies, sex, ages, occupation, prices and also the product name have a reputation values. The last factor is important to study that why the brand name have effected to customer decision. Locally, the product names have a reputation values is the trust brand. The product that sale for student in business bachelor administration for Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi will be in trends to response their customer in this age. This study concern with the behaviour in making a purchase that Brand is what consumers purchase and product is what consumers use; this shows that branding is very important. The brand name is the trust brands that have effected to make a purchase. Present, student cant said that dont love their brand name and specially, the foreign brand is part factor to making a purchase. Even though, the trust brand has copyright infringement but the student will buy for owner that products. May be, the lower prices and closer style of real band are instead in using. Follow the plaza, student would like to view every week and someone choose to owner. While, the real trust band name from foreign in the Leading department stores have student only high purchasing power that only few percentage. All of behaviour from student in business bachelor administration for Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi is thing to study for know the reason why their choosing. Consumers make many buying decisions every day (Kotler Armstrong, 2001). Most large companys research consumer buying decisions in great detail to answer question about what consumers buy where they but, how and how much they buy, when they buy, and why they buy. 1.2 Statement of the Problem Foreign brands are expensive for students. Quality of product imitates. The current materialism of society makes students feel like they have to buy foreign brand products or imitations of them. The personality of the customers. 1.3 Research Objective The objective of the study is to meet the answers of the problem; Foreign brands are expensive for students. Quality of product imitates. The current materialism of society makes students feel like they have to buy foreign brand products or imitations of them. The personality of the customers. The answer to the problem is as follow: To find out how the price of foreign brand products and imitations of them influence decision making. To find out how the quality of foreign brand products and imitations of them influence decision making. To find out how the social value of foreign brand products and imitations of them influence decision making. To find out the supplement personality of foreign brand products and imitations of them influence decision making. . 1.4 Scope of research The scope of this research is the population studying at Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi. This includes males and females aged 18-25 years old of 11 different faculties totalling approximately 24,053 people. (http://www.oreg.rmutt.ac.th/SKOStdCourse/2552/report%203-2.asp) The sample in this study was students from the faculty of Business Administration, University of Technology Rajamangala Thanyaburi. This faculty has seven branches including both men and women aged 19-25 years who make a purchases by themselves; a total of 6,299 people. The variables studied: Independent variables are students gender, age, department of study and the year of study. Dependent variable is the attitude toward buying foreign brand products (price, quality, brand names and value.) 1.5 Limitations of the Research We acquired this information by sending questionnaires to students at Rajamangala University of Technology Thunyaburi; this includes both men and women. One of the limitations of this study is, if a sample of students does not send the questionnaire back to the researcher, or if they send it back incomplete. Another limitation is the amount of time we have is to send the survey to the students, receive the information and calculate the received information. 1.6 Significance of the study This research is a study of factors that influence behaviour of students (of business administration at Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi) when buying product imitated foreign brands. The findings of this study will help those interested in doing business foreign or interested in operating foreign brands companies by determining marketing strategies to suit the needs of target customers. 1.7 Definition of Terms Foreign brands are expensive for students. The students will receive the money from their parent. So, they dont have money to buy foreign brands product. Quality of product imitates. Continually, imitates products quality have very good quality compare to foreign brand products, so there is a choice for students who has limited their money and want to use same brand but good quality. The current materialism of society makes students feel like they have to buy foreign brand products or imitations of them. Following the student social in university, the students want to be in trend of fashion for concept from their friends. The personality of the customers. Some students, they dont have confident in themselves. So, the students will use the product from foreign brands to help them have more confident. CHAPTER II Review of related literature and studies 2.1 Definition and Features of the Independent Variable In this chapter, discusses the title of research. Because this research is relevant to consumers: students of business administration at Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi. So, need to know the meaning of consumer behaviour on buying for study factors affecting the decision of the students. Consumer behaviour is the study of how individuals make decision to spend their available resources on consumption-related item. It includes the study of what they buy, why they buy it, when they buy it, where they buy it, how often they buy it, and how often they use it (Schiffman Kanuk, 1997). The aim of marketing is to meet and satisfy target customers needs and want. The field of consumer behaviour studies how consumer select, buy, use, and dispose of products, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy needs and desires (Kotler, 2003). Marketers have come to realize that their effectiveness in meeting consumer needs directly influences their profitability. The better they understand the factors underlying consumer behaviour. The better able they are developing effective marketing strategies to meet consumer needs (Assael, 1998). Consumers make many buying decisions every day. Most large companys research consumer buying decisions in great detail to answer question about what consumers buy where they but, how and how much they buy, when they buy, and why they buy (KotlerArmstrong, 2001). Possibly the most challenging concept in marketing deals with understanding why buyers do what they do. But such knowledge is critical for marketers since having a strong understanding of buyer behaviour will on what is important to the consumer and also suggest the important influences on consumer decision-making. Using this information, marketers can create marketing programs that they believe will be of interest to consumers (Kanhasiri, 2006) In addition to this, also need to know meaning of the word imitate foreign brands. Imitate foreign brands means the product copy as products of a foreign brand. Popular products make copy are bags, watches, clothes, and shoes. The imitate foreign brands products that we know and see often in everywhere are Chanel, Louis Vuitton, Nike, Christian Dior, Gucci and etc (Kanhasiri, 2006 ). 2.2 Theories Related to the Independent Variable (s) 2.2.1 Foreign brands are expensive for students. Prices, product differentiation and quality measurement: a comparison between hedonic and matched model methods studied by Gian Maria Tomat (2005); related contributions to Pakes, Berry and Levinsohn (1993) and Nevo (2003) consider the problem of making exact welfare comparisons on the basis of the estimated parameters of consumer preferences in a discrete choice model. This approach has been used in these works to study problems such as the effect on consumer welfare of changes in environmental regulation or of the introduction of a new brand of a product. Specifying the consumers choice problem in the space of product characteristics, simplifies the analysis in comparison with analogous problems studied on the grounds of traditional demand theory, as is done for example in works by Hausman. However, the results of the prices, product differentiation and quality measurement: a comparison between hedonic and matched model methods studies show that the approach can at most generate up per and lower bounds to the true price indexes and the empirical evidence shows that these bounds are usually quite wide. 2.2.2 Quality of product imitates. From Quantity-Discount Dependent Consumer Preferences and Competitive Non-linear Pricing studied by Z. Jane Gu and Sha Yang (2009); they investigated the quantity-discount effect, a type of transaction utility consumers derived from the unit price difference between a small and a large package size of the same product in a non-linear pricing environment. Consumers may perceive quantity discounts as gains for purchasing larger package sizes with lower unit prices, or as losses for purchasing smaller package sizes with higher unit prices. In addition, consumers may differ in their tendencies to perceive quantity discounts as gains or losses. 2.2.3 The current materialism of society makes students feel like they have to buy foreign brand products or imitations of them. Post-Materialism as a Cultural Factor Influencing Entrepreneurial Activity across Nations studied by Lorraine M. Uhlaner, Roy Thurik and Jan Hutjes(2002); the underlying premise of this research study is that the material gains that are central or crucial to entrepreneurial activity are of less value to post-materialist individuals. The Research by McGrath, MacMillan and Scheinberg (1992) shows that individual entrepreneurs from a wide variety of countries are more likely to have materialistic values; such as viewing success as making lots of money, than their non-entrepreneur counterparts. However, they do not test for country differences. Blais and Toulouse (1998) made such comparisons and conclude that entrepreneurs across countries tend to have similar motivations. In another studied of individual entrepreneurs Robichaud, McGraw and Roger (2001) find a positive correlation between extrinsic motivation of the entrepreneur and sales performance whereas they find negative relationsh ips between the independent variables, intrinsic motivation and autonomy and independence on the one hand and the dependent variable, sales performance, on the other. These findings are interesting because at the micro-level they correspond to the thesis that entrepreneurs, especially successful ones, are more materialistic than their counterparts. Lacking comparable research at the macro level of analysis, we can only draw on these studies for our hypotheses. In particular, assuming that trends from the micro level can be aggregated to the societal level, we predict that the relationship between post-materialism and entrepreneurship is also negative, i.e., the less materialistic the culture, the fewer people choose to become self-employed. The central hypothesis of the present paper then reads: The more post-materialistic the culture, the lower the overall level of entrepreneurship. 2.2.4 The personality of the customers. Consumer Assessment of Social Product Features: An Empirical Investigation Using Choice Experiments by Pat Auger, Timothy M. Devinney and Jordan J. Louviere studied the growing importance of this topic can be seen in the current movement toward social accountability audits (Economist 1999), and the increasing amounts of money that corporations spend to fix systems under pressure from increasingly sophisticated interest groups. Their research is relevant to this issue because it shows that although consumers do not understand the ethical dimensions of the products they purchase, their purchases can be influenced by these dimensions if properly presented. From a managerial perspective, more work needs to be done on educating consumers to the hidden ethical nature of the products they purchase. Corporations also need to understand which customers care about ethical dimensions and what dimensions they care about. However, our results also suggest that consumers wont sacrifice product per formance for ethical considerations in spite of what activists might hope. 2.3 Critical Analysis/Discussion of the Theories Related to the Independent Variable Motivation Theory 2.3.1 Maslows Hierarchy of Needs; (Abraham Maslow,1908-1970) Abraham Maslow was a psychologist. He developed a theory called the Hierarchy of Needs. This hierarchy referred to the various needs that he believed characterised humans. He identified five main human needs. These are: Physiological needs These include the most basic needs that are vital to survival, such as the need water, air, food and sleep. Maslow believed that these needs are the most basic and instinctive needs in the hierarchy because all needs become secondary until these physiological needs are met. Security Needs These include needs for safety and security. Security needs are important for survival, but they are not as demanding as the physiological needs. Examples of security needs include a desire for steady employment, health insurance, safe neighborhoods and shelter from the environment. Social Needs These include needs for belonging, love and affection. Maslow considered these needs to be less basic than physiological and security needs. Relationships such as friendships, romantic attachments and families help fulfill this need for companionship and acceptance, as involvement in social, community or religious groups. Esteem Needs After the first three needs have been satisfied, esteem needs becomes increasingly important. These include the need for things that reflect on self-esteem, personal worth, social recognition and accomplishment. Self-actualizing Needs This is the highest level of Maslows hierarchy of needs. Self-actualizing people are self-aware, concerned with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of others and interested fulfilling their potential. Figure 1 Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Maslow suggested that the first need dominates a persons behavior until it is satisfied, and then the second, and so on. A learner would not be interested in learning, need 5, until needs 3 or 4; belonging and being esteemed by others had been satisfied. Nor indeed, would they be interested in learning until they were warm, and replete. A light, airy, warm, comfortable safe learning environment, adequate comfort breaks and realistic timings can help to facilitate these conditions. An awareness of, and proactive approach to, group dynamics will also help to satisfy (or at least not de-satisfy) some of the affiliation and esteem needs. (Abraham Maslow, 1908-1970) (Source:http://www.envisionsoftware.com/articles/Maslows_Needs_Hierarchy.html) 2.3.2 Clayton Alderfers ERG Theory; (Clayton Alderfer, 1969) An attempt to simplify Maslows needs theory was put forward by psychologist Clayton Alderfer with his ERG theory. Both theories see needs as the motivating force behind behaviour. People are motivated to do things by different needs, of which Alderfer identified three: Existence Needs Include all material and physiological desires (e.g., food, water, air, clothing, safety, physical love and affection) Maslows first two levels. Relatedness Needs Encompass social and external esteem; relationships with significant others like family, friends, co-workers and employers. This also means to be recognized and feel secure as part of a group or family. Maslows third and fourth levels. Growth Needs Internal esteem and self actualization; these impel a person to make creative or productive effects on himself and the environment (e.g., to progress toward ones ideal self). Maslows fourth and fifth levels. This includes desires to be creative and productive, and to complete meaningful tasks. Figure 2 Clayton Alderfers ERG Theory Alderfer argued that it was possible to move in either direction. This means that, if growth needs become difficult or impossible to meet, frustration regression occurs, causing individuals to concentrate on fulfilling their relatedness and their existence needs. Unsatisfied needs, therefore, become less rather than more important. Maslow proposed the opposite. In this study the researchers used two theories are Maslows Theory (Maslows hierarchy of needs) and Clayton Alderfers ERG Theory are main formulated in this study (Clayton Alderfer, 1969). (Source: http://www.envisionsoftware.com/articles/ERG_Theory.html) 2.4 Discussion of the Dependent Variable The price of products have effected to making decision. In addition, Arthur Rafael (2002) found When the new product launches and better quality also this product will be compared to increase price. While, Aart Jaume (2000) said that When the products have high demand so the products prices that will be increase on demand also Ray (2002) found Business will find the ways to avoid the problem to improve the popular product and harder to imitate for decrease their risk as a result Amine, Taimur Joseph (2007) supported Vendors will be developing price products to get the popularity may be the consumers using pirated goods in fact Gian (2006) said that The price is appropriate adjustments so the product will be popular Increasing then Xavier Giround (2008) found The quality prices will be changed follow the quality products in the past Laszlo Miklos (2004) stated The import product price will be rise follow depend on the technology and competitive environment of the buyer. On the other hand, Joanna (2006) found The analysis of price convergence to the consumer market is examined on aggregate and disaggregates levels although Peter, Judith Anil (2002) stated The decision purchas e of consumer will depend on price by the lower price also the purchasing power that so rise. Finally, Emek (2005) supported The quantity the price of a low-cost have more effected to consumer decision. The quality of product imitates have effected to making decision when, Wong Zhou (2005) found perceived value has a greater effect on purchase intention for conspicuous foreign products While, Heflin, Shaw Wild found The liquidity of equity markets depends on quality information and Faruq (2006) found RD activities and FDI inflows are important determinants of quality then Sharma found The brand must be relevant to a latent need of the consumer but Jin Leslie (2002) found Providing people with better information causes people to change their purchase decisions and causes  ¬Ã‚ rms to modify their behaviour while Orosel Zauner (2003) found goods quality is unobservable to buyers, a continuum of quality levels is technologically feasible, and minimum quality is supplied under competitive conditions although Koppius Heck(2002) found Electronic auctions have rapidly increase d in popularity, but the consequences of switching to an electronic auction are unclear Moreover Borin Lamieri (2008) found empirical studies over clear evidence on the increasing importance of intra-industry trade in presence of vertically deferential products however Matsa (2009) found Product quality is an important element of competition in a wide range of markets, including the supermarket industry in addition Bertini, Wathieu Iyengar (2010) found parsimony and simplicity in consumption is necessarily advantageous across all categories of business The current materialism of society makes students feel like they have to buy foreign brand products or imitations of them have effected to making decision then, Mehrotra (1919) found collect various technical information about managing your tax affairs and mergers and acquisitions, tax law and the special rights or intellectual property rights and the idea of the American company. Each other based on principles of law and political economy of the country. while Closius (1995) said that the termination of the movement of certain groups of people in America with a change to the political policy of national unification and the creation of justice to occur and create social awareness to the public more than ever Moreover Kyvelidis (2001) stated that Measure currents in the Black Socialist materialism may be obtained from the GDP of each country, which evaluates the value per head was increased from the current popularity with the increasing materialism. After that Anderson (2001) has found that satisfaction in materialism is one of the psychological problems that make people in society are trying to do everything to get it occupied, such as car, house and fashion. And Boven (2005) study that most people want to live well and happily in every person and found that materialism, such as the car home fashion is important to create happiness for them very good. However, Uhlaner, Thurik, Hutjes (2002) supports that found that entrepreneurs across countries tend to find a way to trade against the competition in trade and create stability for themselves as to dominate the growing market and found that many of the cultural factors and materialism of the people affected. In addition Fuchs said that the theories of cultural objects are important factors correlated with the values of people in society. Therefore Sarkar(1996) found the role of men is to purchase goods and Research indicates that attitudes in the possession of materialism rather than value of the object with the purchase of such products used in life Which led to satisfaction and success of many people. As a result of Kroh (2008) discovered that the role of the purchases is likely to change the price level and economic security but Boven, Campbell Gilovich(2005) the study found that current flow in the materialism in society more selfish, selfish private interests over public. The personality of the customers have effected to making decision when, Devinney Louviere (1986) study that of interpersonal psychology, ethics and personality have been shown correlated with the number of complex social problems. While Rajagopol (1986) found that of the model to measure the performance of brands and attitudes, including personalities, image, reputation and trust. But Balaji a Raghavan (1970) discovered that Cultures and different image for the product of themes related to technology and brand reputation. Therefore Pandey (1968) found that Experiment designed to examine the role and relevance of the personality of the person. Found that the advertisement or communication program plays an important role in the perception of brand personality although Bartholomew Horowitz (1994) study that Changes in market and competition has reduced the cost of marketing and new product introductions, including the risk of failure of the product. Thus Sharma (1997) supports that w e also found that consumer ratings of management performance in the context of consumer retail low but Zhenzhong Ma (1970) found that Aims to create understanding about the local brand can survive. In fact Mckenzie Woodruff (1964) study that present the basic concepts for exploring the relationship between personality and patterns of conflict behavior and business negotiations. Then Koufopoulos (1999) stated that Product innovation. Personality and affect a very important opportunity to entrepreneurs to innovate. Finally, Kanhasiri (1990) found that Products and measure the relationship between the feature comparison in the future. Quantitative methods of analysis and means of collecting data, frequency analysis of research and planning data in line charts and bar graphs and suggestions for future research will take effect to competitors with better customer loyalty. 2.5 Relationship of the Independent Variable (s) to the Dependent Variable Arthur Rafael (2002) found When the new product launches and better quality also this product will be compared to increase price. Although many business office products are brand name copyright infringement very seriously and prohibit all research and product development at the time out to study consumer satisfaction, with the updates of new products out of the market demand. But still have other business products illegally copied out widely. Consumers like the products that they are cheaper and look like the real. While, Aart Jaume (2000) said that When the products have high demand so the products prices that will be increase on demand Cheap is increasing on demand. Many consumers decided to buy imitation products backpack instead of the genuine product is expensive. Also Ray (2002) found Business will find the ways to avoid the problem to improve the popular product and harder to imitate for decrease their risk The quality of product imitates have effected to making decision when, Wong Zhou (2005) found perceived value has a greater effect on purchase intention for conspicuous foreign products and Faruq (2006) found RD activities and FDI inflows are important determinants of quality The Company that manufacture high quality products to the market are disclosed information to consumers less known because those are important to the company and the liquidity of the market. The company has disclosed only basic information only. Countries are exporters of quality differences. This is the result of differences in factors such as endowment, technology, research and development (RD). While, Heflin, Shaw Wild found The liquidity of equity markets depends on quality information The current materialism of society makes students feel like they have to buy foreign brand products or imitations of them have effected to making decision then, Anderson (2001) has found that satisfaction in materialism is one of the psychological problems that make people in society are trying to do everything to get it occupied, such as car, house and fashion. And Boven (2005) study that most people want to live well and happily in every person and found that materialism, such as the car home fashion is important to create happiness for them very good. The materialism is satisfied from the hearts of individual values resulting psychological advantage over the other now, value of the crop cover materialism has resulted in increasing attitude of buying commercial end epicurean and often not satisfied with the simple life and different people require a comfortable life. Although materialism has a negative effect, but many people will want to own it like a big house, luxury cars, expen sive clothes , beautiful furniture and other. Because human needs are infinite, they seek what they want to come and have a genuine product if the price is too high, making them purchases commercial grade copy. Although it is copied, it can substitute the same name that looks realistic and cheaper it is one reason consumers purchase decision without regard to copyright infringement laws. The personality of the customers have effected to making decision when Devinney Louviere (1986) study that of interpersonal psychology, ethics and personality have been shown correlated with the number of complex social problems. While Rajagopol(1986) found that of the model to measure the performance of brands and attitudes, including personalities, image, reputation and trust. But Balaji a Raghavan (1970) discovered that Cultures and different image for the product of themes related to technology and brand reputation. Therefore Pandey (1968) found that Experiment designed to examine the role and relevance of the personality of the person. Found that the advertisement or communication program plays an important role in the perception of brand personality The cultural and social including kick similar picture with Bush. This is sometimes the product to the personality of our products or we like it because it is often too expensive brand, so many people chose to be turned to imitate instead of the actual product. 2.6 Previous Studies There are 4 standards section; Introduction background The brand name is the trust brand that have effected to making a purchase from student at RMUTT. Now, the student say love brand name. According to Schiffman Kanuk (1997) Consumer behaviour is the study of how individuals make decision to spend and choose this things. When, notice the students that show their use accessories brand name. This is normal happen now but its not fair in their suppliers that think and make it for sale. While, the real trust band name from overseas in the Leading department stores have student only high purchasing power that only few percentage. Behaviour from student in business bachelor administration for Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi is thing to study for know the reason why their choosing. Methods The methods to study behavior of student at RMUTT such as notice, questionnaires, and bring the theory that related to concerning study with case study. Result Now days, Counterfeiting is so much. In a view of supplier, the so called product piracy can be only roughly outlined. The Experts and everyone, who well know that product piracy: trade mark rights in