Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Operation Linebacker in the Vietnam War

Operation Linebacker in the Vietnam War Operation Linebacker took place from May 9 to October 23, 1972 during the Vietnam War (1955-1975). In March 1972, with the United States working to transfer responsibility for fighting on the ground to the South Vietnamese, the North Vietnamese launched a major offensive. With South Vietnamese forces under pressure and giving ground, Operation Linebacker was launched with the goal of slowing the enemy advance by striking transportation and logistical targets. These air attacks proved effective and by June, North Vietnamese units were reporting that only 30% of supplies were reaching the front. An effective campaign, Operation Linebacker helped halt the Easter Offensive and aided in restarting peace talks. Fast Facts: Operation Linebacker Conflict: Vietnam War (1955-1975)Dates: May 9 to October 23, 1972Force Commander:United StatesGeneral John W. Vogt, Jr.Seventh Air ForceTask Force 77Casualties:United States: 134 aircraft lost to all causes Background As Vietnamization progressed, American forces began handing off responsibility for fighting the North Vietnamese to the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). In the wake of ARVN failures in 1971, the North Vietnamese government elected to move forward with conventional offensives the following year. Beginning in March 1972, the Easter Offensive saw the Peoples Army of Vietnam (PAVN) attack across the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) as well as east from Laos and south from Cambodia. In each case, PAVN forces made gains driving back the opposition. Debating the American Response Concerned about the situation, President Richard Nixon initially desired to order three days of B-52 Stratofortress strikes against Hanoi and Haiphong. In an effort to preserve the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, National Security Advisor Dr. Henry Kissinger dissuaded Nixon from this approach as he believed it would escalate the situation and alienate the Soviet Union. Instead, Nixon moved forward with authorizing more limited strikes and directed that additional aircraft be dispatched to the region. As PAVN forces continued to make gains, Nixon elected to push forward with a large escalation of air attacks. This was due to both the deteriorating situation on the ground and the need to preserve American prestige prior to a summit meeting with Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev. To support the campaign, the US Seventh Air Force continued to receive additional aircraft, including large numbers of F-4 Phantom IIs and F-105 Thunderchiefs, while the US Navys Task Force 77 was increased to four carriers. On April 5, American aircraft began striking targets north of the 20th Parallel as part of Operation Freedom Train. A US Air Force F-4 Phantom II during the Vietnam War. Photograph Courtesy of the US Navy Freedom Train Pocket Money On April 10, the first large B-52 raid struck North Vietnam and hit targets around Vinh. Two days later, Nixon began allowing strikes against Hanoi and Haiphong. American air attacks largely focused on transportation and logistics targets, though Nixon, unlike his predecessor, delegated operational planning to his commanders in the field. On April 20, Kissinger met with Brezhnev in Moscow and convinced the Soviet leader to reduce military aid to North Vietnam. Unwilling to risk an improving relationship with Washington, Brezhnev also pressured Hanoi to negotiate with the Americans. This led to a meeting in Paris on May 2 between Kissinger and Hanois chief negotiator Le Duc Tho. Sensing victory, the North Vietnamese envoy was unwilling to deal and effectively insulted Kissinger. Angered by this meeting and the loss of Quang Tri City, Nixon further upped the ante and directed that the North Vietnamese coast by mined. Moving forward on May 8, US Navy aircraft penetrated Haiphong harbor as part of Operation Pocket Money. Laying mines, they withdrew and additional aircraft conducted similar missions over the next three days. F-105D Thunderchief. Photograph Courtesy of the US Air Force Striking at the North Though both the Soviets and Chinese frowned on the mining, they did not take active steps to protest it. With the North Vietnamese coast effectively closed to maritime traffic, Nixon ordered a new air interdiction campaign, dubbed Operation Linebacker, to commence. This was to focus on suppressing North Vietnamese air defenses as well as destroying marshaling yards, storage facilities, transshipment points, bridges, and rolling stock. Commencing on May 10, Linebacker saw Seventh Air Force and Task Force 77 conduct 414 sorties against enemy targets. In the wars single heaviest day of aerial combat, four MiG-21s and seven MiG-17s were downed in exchange for two F-4s. During the early days of the operation, the US Navys Lieutenant Randy Duke Cunningham and his radar intercept officer, Lieutenant (j.g.) William P. Driscoll, became the first American aces of the conflict when they downed a MiG-17 (their third kill of the day). Striking targets across North Vietnam, Operation Linebacker saw the first widespread use of precision-guided munitions. MiG-17. US Air Force This advance in technology aided American aircraft in dropping seventeen major bridges between the Chinese border and Haiphong in May. Switching to supply depots and petroleum storage facilities, the Linebacker attacks began to have a telling effect on the battlefield as PAVN forces saw a 70% drop in supplies through the end of June. The air attacks, coupled with increasing ARVN resolve saw the Easter Offensive slow and finally stop. Unhampered by the targeting restrictions that had plagued the earlier Operation Rolling Thunder, Linebacker saw American aircraft pound enemy targets into August. Aftermath With imports into North Vietnam down 35-50% and with PAVN forces stalled, Hanoi became willing to resume talks and make concessions. As a result, Nixon ordered bombing above the 20th Parallel to cease on October 23, effectively ending Operation Linebacker. In the course of the campaign, American forces lost 134 aircraft to all causes while downing 63 enemy fighters. Considered a success, Operation Linebacker was critical to halting the Easter Offensive and damaging PAVN forces. An effective interdiction campaign, it began a new era of aerial warfare with the mass introduction of precision-guided munitions. Despite Kissingers proclamation that Peace is at hand, American aircraft were compelled to return to North Vietnam in December. Flying Operation Linebacker II, they again struck targets in an attempt to force North Vietnamese to resume talks.

Friday, November 22, 2019

How to Use a Rock Tumbler to Polish Jewelry

How to Use a Rock Tumbler to Polish Jewelry You can use a rotary tumbler (rock tumbler) to polish jewelry and to remove burrs from jump rings or other metal components. The rock tumbler works much like ocean waves, rubbing metal pieces against each other to dislodge grime and oxidation and smooth sharp edges. Jewelry Tumbler Materials List You only need a few simple items to turn a rock tumbler into a jewelry tumbler: Small rotary tumbler and barrel.Soap (not detergent). Ivory soap flakes are recommended.Polished steel shot. You want enough to fill the barrel about halfway. Jewelry Polishing Procedure Pour the shot into a clean barrel to about the halfway mark.Add enough water to cover the shot plus about 3/4 inch.Add a tablespoon of soap flakes.Load the jewelry and/or components into the barrel. You want them to be able to tumble, so pack them loosely.Seal the barrel and let the tumbler rotate for 6-8 hours.When the pieces are sufficiently polished, remove them from the tumbler and rinse them well with water. Helpful Tips Keep your steel shot covered with soap and water. All it takes is a few hours exposed to air for the shot to develop rust.Dont polish more than one chain at a time unless you derive pleasure from untangling some serious knots. You can add other jewelry in with a chain (earrings, rings, components), just dont polish chains together.If you use the same barrel for jewelry as you use to polish rocks, make certain that the barrel is absolutely clean. Otherwise, you may find yourself scratching your jewelry rather than polishing it!Remove chemical antiquing before polishing. Otherwise, a chemical reaction can cause green deposits to coat nooks and crannies.Use extreme care if you are polishing plated or filled components (e.g., silver-plated or gold-filled). You run the risk of wearing or chipping the outer layer of metal.Dont tumble components with stones, as they can become scratched or dislodged from their settings.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Personal Belief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Belief - Essay Example I graduated from high school long time ago. After graduation, I started to apply to colleges to continue my study. I choose to study Computer Engineering, which was my dream. Although my GPA in high school was high and I was very good in math, I wasn’t sure that I would be accepted in the program because I always have low self-steam and I thought they would not accept me, because they have applicants who are qualified for their program better than me. One month after my application, I got letter through the mail. It was from the university and while I was trying to open the envelop I wasn’t so excited, because I expected to find the refusal letter instead of acceptance. They wrote to me that they accepted me in agricultural instead of engineering college, as they think that it fits me better. In fact, I didn’t try to register in any other college because I believed them. I didn’t want to waste my money and my effort and at the end the answer will be the sa me. So, I decided to accept the offer. After one semester, I start to realize that this is my future and I don’t have to study something not interesting to me. So, I left the college. Because of my finance issue, I started to seek for a job, hoping that after I saved some money, I would continue my study. I applied for very big company, which had a lot of offers, high salary and good insurance. I was excited in the beginning, dreaming about the money, tickets that it would give me, insurance that would cover my expenses and my family expenses as well. After I got the interview, I started to worry about the job and for the whole week preceding the job interview my mind was occupied with all negative things that could happen during the interview. I actually, anticipated failure. During the interview, while they were asking me, I was worrying about my appearance, my tone and my answers, which distracted my attention and made it difficult for me to focus on the interview. The atmosphere

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

China - Essay Example The stock markets were encouraged to grow and develop, and China embarked on a sustained effort to boost trade and investment activities with the outside world. Moreover, the private economic sector was given a boost and given substantial incentives and freedoms. This has come about gradually, with some hiccups and changes in direction, all aimed at bolstering Chinas global stature as an economic powerhouse and making sure that domestic industries are allowed to flourish. Moving forward from this state of affairs there are several challenges to the economy and to the social cohesiveness and stability of the country that the Chinese government needs to address. Those relate to the reduction of the high rate of savings or the deployment of those large savings, even as domestic consumption on the other end remains lackluster; the provision of jobs to a large section of the Chinese population; the reduction in the rate of crime and the rate of corruption inherent in the system; concerns relating to the environmental sustainability of its economic activities, in light of global warming, its increased fuel needs, and the need to source energy from cleaner alternative energy sources moving forward. This has implications for the overall sustainability of its economic drive, given the widespread damage to the environment at present, which cannot be totally abated because of the lack of cleaner, safer alternative energy supplies to coal and oil. Moreover, the demographic shift towards a greater number of older Chinese has tremendous repercussions for the future of the Chinese society and economy. Clearly the challenges include diversifying away from fossil fuel sources of energy, and sourcing more power from solar and other viable alternatives, including nuclear, though that presents its own problems too. Recent turmoils in the global economy likewise have rocked the Chinese economy to the extent that growth had stalled

Sunday, November 17, 2019

The public education system in the U.S. Essay Example for Free

The public education system in the U.S. Essay In US the government mainly provides Public education. However the funding and control do not come from federal government and it differs from state to state and the control and funding can come from federal, State and local bodies. In addition school boards determine the curricula, teaching and other educational policies and it differs from state to state. In US public education competes with private education and the private education system in most cases is superior in educational quality in terms of curricula and in terms of student’s academic performance, teaching quality, extra curricula activities in elementary and secondary level. As well the cost per student is less in private educational institutions than public education in elementary and in secondary level. In addition in Higher education the cost is very high and the private Universities have more elitist status than the Public Universities in general and not accessible to most student groups. In addition there are charter schools, which are parochial in nature in secondary and in elementary level, and they are also superior in terms of educational quality in general compared to public schools. In addition in some state it has home schooling system but not in all states. In addition in US the age of entry in to the school system and exist from the school system differs and the grading system also varies from state to state and the standardized test and educational standards are mostly administered by the State government. Page: 2 US Public Education system Performance statistics compared to other advanced Industrial Countries In an article â€Å"Education in United States† in the WIKIPEDIA The Free Encyclopedia the following statistics have been documented. 1) United Nations assigned an Education Index of 99. 9 to United States ranking it number 1 in the world. 2) 76. 6 million students enrolled as per K16 study and 72% aged 12 to 17 were judged academically on track. Of these 5. 2 million attending private schools. 3) Among the adult population over 85% completed High school and 27% received bachelor degree or higher. 4) Literacy rate of 98% of the population over age 15, while ranking below average in mathematics and Science understanding. 5) A recent study showed that A slightly higher proportion of American adults qualify as Scientifically literate than European and Japanese adults. In addition the participation in continuing education is high for United States. Page: 3 These statistics shows that the American Public education system perform in some measures well and not in others particularly in mathematics and science education Compared to other advanced industrial countries. As Science and mathematics is crucial for future technical potential of US compared to other advanced countries and in a age of rapid development in Science and technology and if US lacks behind other advanced industrialized countries it may loose its competitive edge in this crucial field and hamper Its economic and social development in the future and also tackle the environmental issues facing the globe in the 21st century. As well the above statistics shows a sustancial proportion of students aged 12 to 17 are not academically on track and they may become unemployable or unemployed due to lack of skills and may become burden to society as whole and also for a source of social instability in US and also can produce an underclass. There fore based on the statistics above even though overall the US public education system is performing well it has serious weaknesses compared to other advanced industrial countries. The US Public education system in terms of its performance in meeting in developing appropriate skills for the majority of the students as well as maintaining a high standard Of science skills and update practical skills which is used in real world and its speed of change in its structure and curriculum and funding as well as teaching strategies based on the above statistics. In addition it must be flexibility to adept to special needs of student Page: 4 groups and disadvantage created by segregation policies in education, as the Public education system is the product of American social development. and provide access to education to these groups, as they are sustancial proportion of American society . As mentioned above the US public education system curriculum is diverse and has differing quality in different districts and also differs from one state to the next. The quality of curriculum is fundamental factor in the determination of what is taught is class, who is teaching, resources used, options given to students, assessment methods, who controls the curriculum and for who’s benefit. If the curriculum in quality differs then it will create more differences than if the curriculum is to some degree centralized in some European countries than in America and Public education in these countries has to follow basic curriculum in all states and provinces but adept to local conditions depending on the student profile, parents and teachers with some guidance and principles enunciated by a central educational authority. The educational reform must take in to consideration the educational structural factors of the degree of decentralization and centralization in to account if it wants to resolve and improve the performance of US Public education system. This is important as mentioned above the US Public educational system is very decentralized and has a parochial structure and allow too much differences in curriculum and in different quality and it is certainly will affect the quality of education in some schools in the Public education system. Page: 5 Segregation and inequality and the US Public education system In American Educational history segregation has produced disadvantage for the minority groups to suffer in terms of access to education particularly to quality education for a very long time. This has produced social and economic disparity compared to majority white population. Even now some minority student groups suffer from access to quality education and they tend to be mostly in the Public education system in the worst performing public schools and academically poor performers compared to the white student population. US Public Education system must address this disadvantage adequately and the current US Public education system structurally do not address this access and inequality adequately and there fore fails to raise the performance of these students academically and to provide opportunities to develop their full potential and there fore they become socially and economically a burden to American society and also a drain in resources in welfare terms. In US Public Schools where there are minority students particularly from disadvantage students the federal, state and local government must have guidelines and mandates to fund adequate resources for counseling services, remedial classes, appropriate welfare Referral services and also provides welfare services in housing, welfare services to parents to cover cost of education and other expenses so that they are physically healthy and mentally happy to develop their skills in the education system. Page: 6 US Public education system and Private Education system In US Public education system has to compete with private education system. As well some schools are parochial and also independent of government. The private schools are better resourced and also provide quality curriculum in general although there are exceptions. A considerable amount of student population is enrolled n private schools eventhogh majority of elementary and secondary schools students attend US public schools with different curriculum and in different quality determined by the school boards of different districts. As well the cost of education per student private schools is less than the US public education and it can also point to waste of resources because of too much bureaucracy compared to private schools. In addition the private schools give more carrier opportunities to teachers than the Public schools. As well in private schools the student to teacher ratio is small compared to US public school system. This may be a factor contributing to better quality of education in private schools compared to US Public education system. This shows to some extent the US public education has problems in its quality of education system and reform is necessary in curriculum development process and administration. Control, teacher qualification and carrier prospects, teacher performance measures and salary structure and ways to reduce class size in US public schools. This is vital to improve the performance of Us Public education system compared to private Page: 7 schools and also raise the standard of Science and mathematics education in US public education system. US Public Higher education system and US Private Higher Education system In US the public education system has pubic Universities and colleges as well community colleges. The public higher education competes with the private higher education system. The Private Universities have more elitist status compared to public Universities in general. As well the entrance requirements differ from one University to the next n the public university system and elitist universities have stringent requirements than other universities in the public as well as private university system. As well the private Universities quality of research and quality of education is better compared to public universities in general but there are exceptions. In addition because of segregation policies in the past the accesses ability to public higher education by minority student groups exist even the participation in higher education has increased by these groups in recent times. In addition the cost education in private and in public Universities are high in US, which is not affordable by many student groups even by the loan grant scheme by federal and private financial institutions. Page: 8 As discussed above in it is certain the US Higher education in the public sector must enhance its profile compared to the private universities and reform of public US higher education is necessary and the US public education system quality is questionable and has considerable weaknesses to be resolved to raise its higher education standard compared to private universities and compared to Universities of advanced industrialized countries. Creationism and evolution in Science education In US in the Public education system there is debate over creationism to be taught in Science education. There is considerable disagreement on this issue among religious groups, teachers of science, parents of well educated and other. This issue of teaching creationism in Public schools is a controversial issue in US and it must be resolved more than adequately by federal, state and local government authorities. If not resolved will affect the quality of education particularly the Science education and further disadvantage US students in Science skills compared to students from advanced industrialized countries and Japan or Korea. There fore the US public education system must resolve its social, religious and cultural issues in education and its impact on the quality of science education as in US religion plays a considerable role in education. The excessive religious influences must be curbed Page: 9 more than adequately by legal or other means to improve the quality of education particularly the science education in the US public education system. Degree of standardization in US Education system compared to other advanced industrialized countries In most advanced industrialized countries particularly in Europe the public education is comparatively centralized in terms of specifying curriculum, teaching standards, hours of schooling, assessment methods and testing and ensure uniformity in curriculum and options to be allowed and consistently revised to reflect changes in skill requirements in economy, student preferences and teacher and other educational professional inputs to improve the quality and efficiency of the school system. In contrast the US public education system is far more decentralized in control of curriculum, teaching and other issues. The excessive decentralized US public education systems structure may be a factor, which may have contributed to poor performance in science and mathematics understanding compared to other students from advanced industrialized countries. The issue of standardization and degree of centralization must be considered by the US Public education system as in science and mathematics in European countries the superior performance may be attributable to the standardization and the uniformity of curriculum and quality in all schools and the centralized control to some extent by the central educational authority and revised consistently if circumstances change in skill Page: 10 requirements and other factors such as input from teachers and teacher unions, parents and educational professionals and from input from business and religious community and student groups. In this respect US public education system must consider the degree of decentralization and its negative impact on the quality of education to improve structural impediments to enhance the quality of education. Contemporary issues in US Public Education system Curriculum issues The contemporary issues in US Educational system are Curriculum issues, funding, and Charter schools, control and competitiveness. The curriculum issues stems from the fact that there exists a variety of curriculum and in different quality. There are arguments over the standardization of curriculum and the degree of curriculum standardization because of the current existence of varying curriculum in different districts and in different states. In addition there is also arguments regarding English language teaching, evolution in Science education and the role of sex education. In US most citizens are divided in these issues and they are hotly debated. Some religious groups prefer teaching creationism in Science but some educated groups disagree teaching creationism. In addition there is also no consensus regarding sex education in the curriculum and in US most citizens are divided on sex education. As well there is debate over which subjects receive most focus Page: 11 with astronomy and geography not taught enough in schools. As discussed above the curriculum issues are complex in US and there exists no consensus and there fore it is very difficult to resolve these issues. However if these issues are not resolved adequately and not reformed will affect the quality of the education system, as the quality of the curriculum will determine to some extent the quality of the Public education system. Funding issues In addition the funding of Public education differs from one state to the next and differs in different districts. However State governments or local governments fund the school system. The cost per student in Public education is higher compared to the private elementary and secondary schools. In addition in funding property taxes are used to fund the public schooling system and it is controversial in US. In Higher education the cost is not affordable by many student groups and they pay their fees by loans from federal government or from private loans from financial institutions. Charter school issues There are charter schools in US based on the promise to create less bureaucratic schools which vest management in the hands of community members, parents, teachers and Page: 12 students. Recent studies indicate that the charter schools do not out perform the Public schools. However the federal government No Child Left Behind Act 2001 which extent the oversight of state schools and the power to withdraw funding from poorly performing schools and gives parents the choice to remove students from such schools. Control issues Mainly State governments exercise the control of education. However there exist many variations of the control structure. That is in some states the local bodies such as school boards have the power to control education than in others. In other wards the US Public education system is highly decentralized control structure compared to other advanced western countries. As well there are private schools which are parochial and not controlled by government and highly independent. Competitiveness issues The national Results in international comparisons indicate that the US education system is below average. As well in OECD programme for International Student Assessment 2003 indicate 15 year-old ranked 24 out of 38 in mathematics, 19 out of 38 in Science, 12 out of 38 in reading, and 26 out of 38 in problem solving. In addition many reputable has expressed concerns of the quality of US education system. For example Bill Gates has Page: 13 famously mentioned that the American High School system is obsolete. As discussed above the US Public education system has considerable issues to be resolved if it wants to improve its educational quality in elementary, and secondary level. In my view assessing the Public education system there must be some centralization or standardization is necessary as the US Pubic education system is very decentralized and produces different quality among public schools and some private schools are parochial in nature and some students groups may left behind in such system of education because of accessibility and affordability by many student groups. This structural problems of control and funding as well as curriculum issues must be resolved more than adequately to improve the quality of the education system and also to raise the competitiveness of US Public education system to the standards of advanced western countries and countries like Japan and Korea. In addition it also must set national standards for Teacher education and must radically revise the teaching practices and involve schools with the external business environment to raise the academic, social and problem-solving skills in a rapidly changing world to improve the issues of competitiveness of the US Education system. The curriculum to some degree must be centralized to become uniform to sole extent because there exist different curricula in different districts and the quality differs. As curricula is an important variable which affects educational quality outcome differing quality affects the overall quality of education in US Public education. However the curriculum must also have some flexibility addressing specific local educational issues Page: 14 and must have options as well have flexibility in the timing and the attending to schools and school hours and not strictly have strict timing of schooling. Science education must be more practical rather than school teaching and students must experience how the science works in the outside world and try to solve practical science problems in the real world and must continually update skills and experience as the changes in science field is rapid. That is the Science curriculum and teaching practices and assessment must be radically overhauled. This is also applicable to mathematics education to raise the mathematics education quality and standard in US public education system. In addition in US in Science education the teaching of creationism in science must be resolved more than adequate to improve the quality of Science education and stress the importance of evolution theory in Science compared to creationism which do not have sustancial scientific evidence to be taught in Science classes in US public education system. In summary the US Public education system have considerable issues which affects the quality of US Public education system’s quality and as discussed above it must resolve these issues more than adequately and must continually reform the structure of US Public education system to have a comparable quality with advanced countries and to satisfy the needs of a rapidly changing world. Page: 15 In addition there are problems arising from segregation and in equality in education and disadvantage in the US public education system which if not addressed adequately may produce a high proportion of students do not have the adequate skills or fall behind other students and they may become unemployable and cause social problems and may also cause social instability in the future. That is if access ability is not addressed in the US education system and remedial action is taken in time it may contribute to a significant minority student groups failing to meet the skills necessary to survive in the rapidly changing world of work. In US public education home schooling is an important factor at least in some states and these states must consider the negative impacts of home schooling and provide adequate safe guards to ensure the quality of home schooling and monitor progress continually to upgrade and to reconsider home schooling if they produce poor educational outcomes. As discussed above it is certain that the US public education has several issues affecting its quality in a negative manner. It must reform the public education system in funding, the role of charter schools, role of home schools, degree of decentralzation and control and curriculum issues, hours of education and flexibility, teaching methods, teacher quality issues, standardized tests, regulation of private school system particularly in parochial private school system, cost of higher education and access by minority student groups, role of business in education to improve its quality of public education system in US. Bibliography Burke, F. G. ( 1990). Public Education: Who’s in Charge?.Praeger. Retrieved march 25, 2007 from http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=23097272 Daly, J. Future Schools. The George Lucas Educational Foundation. Retrieved March, 25, 2007, from http://www. edutopia. org/magazine/ed1article. php? id=Art_1750issue=feb_07 Education in the United States. (n. d. ). Retrieved March 25, 2007, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States Hardway, R. M. ( 1995). America Goes to School: Law, Reform and Crisis in Public Education. Praeger, Retrieved March, 25, 2007, from http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=15121217

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Perception of McDonald’s Essay -- Business, Unhealthy Food

Perception of McDonald’s McDonald’s has expanded globally into 31,000 worldwide outlets and employed more than 1.5 million people in more than 119 countries (Kulkarni, Lassar, Sridhar & Venkitachalam, 2009). Nevertheless, McDonald’s always faces negative perception and commonly related in serving unhealthy and junk foods amongst its customers around the world (Currie, Dellavigna, Moretti, & Pathania, 2009). It is not only the negative perception of public, but McDonald’s have been attacked and accused of selling unhealthy food in several countries, including the US, China, Belgium, Holland, India, Russia, Sweden and the United Kingdom (Wilson, 2009). Meanwhile, the core of the current problem is that customers’ still buy fast foods, even though they have negative perceptions on McDonald’s as regards to unhealthy foods. At this point, customers are confused about fast food nutrition messages provided by McDonald’s, while it is still perceived as bad images (Deng, 2 009). In order to overcome this issue, there are changes in McDonald’s marketing and communication strategies as they have started to plan strategic action with two objectives; first, to change the image of McDonald’s from junk food restaurant to a healthy food restaurant, as this will attract health conscious customers and at the same time can enlarge the market scope. Secondly, to change behavior of the existing customers who keep on taking only junk foods, and to persuade frequent fast food users to change their lifestyle by buying balanced meal with McDonald’s new healthy foods (Deng, 2009). ). Perception of McDonald’s Icon-Based Nutrition Label The increasing number of developments in the nutrition field and technologies give a great contribution and invol... ... protein, fat, carbohydrates, and salt (Hoffmann, 2007). Illustration in the Table 1 below shows the icon-based nutritional label used by McDonald’s on their food wrapper, pamphlet and restaurant website. Similar thought can be argued on the display area or position that McDonald’s present their nutrition label. For instance, McDonald’s posted their nutrition label through diverse medium such as in restaurant website, on tray liners, pamphlet, in-store displays and interestingly printed on the food wrappers. As compared to other fast food, McDonald’s take an active steps to create an awareness of nutrition label through different channel and this is explained by Hoffman (2007) that this different channel purposely to generate repeated exposure to the nutrition label, and customers should eventually grasp their meaning, with or without printed labels presented.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Life & experienced

My life has experienced its fair share if twists and turns. If there is one thing that I have learnt from life, it is preparing to expect the unexpected. I always try to keep an open mind towards situations and it helps me to stay unruffled during adversity.I maintain a positive outlook towards life even during hardships, which helps me focus on things that need to be done in the present rather than worrying about the past. It has also helped face failure with optimism and given me confidence that anything is possible if adequate time and effort are put in.I enjoy reading books and feel that it is extremely enlightening and entertaining at the same time. I feel that good books can talk to people and change lives. I have read quite a few good books that have greatly influenced me and made who I am today.I enjoy playing outdoor sports and feel that it a great way to exert pent-up energy and refresh the mind. A good game has the power to take the mind off negative thoughts. I believe it helps to lead a healthy lifestyle since it acts as adequate exercise to the body and soul. It is also an excellent way to learn sportsmanship and make new friends.I feel college education is absolutely essential to gather knowledge, which would otherwise take years of experience. However, I do understand there is no substitute for real world experience. But, I just feel that a college degree would give a head start towards launching a successful career.I also hope that college life would expose me a world of new possibilities and people that would made life more interesting. I have been quite a disciplined and dedicated student in school, which is reflected by grades and clean record. I also stick to strong moral values, as a result of my healthy upbringing and good friends.I am looking forward to learning new things from professors and academic experts, enabling me to be a more enlightened person. I like making new friends by mingling with my fellow students and getting to know th eir experiences and thoughts on life.I feel that college is the best place to make human connections that last for a lifetime, since we reach a mature state of mind and are also free from the greed that haunts the professional world. I am good in coordinating charity events and can help out in organizing any event. I am very open to learning and quite good in grasping things quickly. I believe that I can I contribute to your student community in more ways than one by being an honest, unbiased, helpful person.I seek joy by helping other people, especially the ones that desperately need help. It makes my heart ache to see people in our very own country suffer without food and a proper place to stay. I am willing to do whatever it takes to revive this situation.However, I feel that I have to first empower myself with the necessary tools to accomplish this noble cause. I believe that I have to start with higher education which is the one of the key steps. Dedication and persistence in h ealthy doses measure are also equally important to reach this goal.I am very patient person and would like help out elderly people are abandoned by their kids. I feel that everyone deserves someone to care for them and listen to them. I wish to visit elderly rest homes and interact with senior citizens. I wish get their perspective on current affairs and help them in little ways that matter.I wish to spend time with time with them on a regular basis and offer such elderly homes my free services. If I could help out a few elderly people, it would make me feel extremely proud and contented.I gone through many trails and tribulations in my life so far and all of them have only made me a stronger person. Even when I failed in my tests, I never gave up hope and have always been ready to face tough situations. I feel this quality of mine helps me to keep moving forward in life. I would have to mention my math teacher who helped me a lot to come out of failure and taste success.I will alwa ys be grateful to her and I made decision to be helpful to other people. I have also helped a lot of my friends during personal crisis and family emergencies. I try not pass judgments and am very open-minded.This has helped me gain the trust of my friends and prompted them to share their personal problems with me. It has also made me gain insight into human pain and uncover ways to deal with it. This has helped to understand that that every wound will heal with time.I see myself as a very active and sociable person. I have a penchant for doing social work and fighting for good causes. I would like to participate in events that deal with cleansing the environment and taking a new fresh look at humanitarian issues.I believe it is my duty as a human being to exhibit empathy and devote time to improve the world that I live. Nothing in the world would be give me more pride and joy than knowing that I have made a difference in another person’s life.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

An every woman matters study Essay

In this country, many feel as though health care is a right of the citizens. I myself struggle with this idea as I do believe we need to address the health care needs of our country but do not feel responsible for those that make poor health care decisions on a daily basis and look for us as a country to care for them. With that same thought, I feel a responsibility to help those that are truly trying and are not offered health care benefits through their employers, and cannot afford to purchase health care insurance, as well as the underinsured. We have to take a stance of what is best for the whole. Our health system struggles with access to health services for everyone. The government is very focused on easing this access through its programs. In 1965, the passage of Medicare and Medicaid were revolutionary in that it provided coverage for the elderly and low income to include the disabled. While not perfect it opened more opportunities for access. In 2010, another revolutionary p olicy can into being with the passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). This pushes employers to either supply health coverage of face a penalty. For the smaller employers that offer coverage, in return they receive a tax credit. Again, this effort is to reduce those uninsured and underinsured in our country through federal policy (Kovner & Knickman, 2011). We are fighting an uphill battle with health care, because as we have tried to make health care more accessible to the citizens of this country we are seeing the cost rise at alarming rates. Kovner and Knickman (2011) points out that between 1999 and 2009 household income rose 38% while insurance premiums rose 131%. This creates more underinsured and uninsured Americans to care for which is an economic crisis for this country that we must address. We have to find new and different ways to overcome the economic obstacles we face with rising cost. Thaler (2013), in his article in The New York Times, says no single change will allow our health care system to be transformed into one that we need and that we need to try many new approaches that are not in lined with the typical way of thinking. He offers some suggestions that make a lot of sense. He says we should first look to change our way of thinking about services. He says we should be paying providers for keeping their patients healthy instead of paying for test and procedures. The federal government should protect providers with a proven quality record of care and from malpractice lawsuits. Patients can opt out of these providers  care but who would realistically do that given the quality they receive? Evidence-based practices should be employed with care to avoid unnecessary tests such as CT scans and M.R.I.’s that many times leads to more unnecessary, unrelated tests. He also believe more energy needs to be spent to employ pharmacist, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants and allow to practice to the fullest extent to allow to allow primary care physicians to spend more time with patients. The idea of promoting health to avoid health care issues is far less costly than treating a disease process once it arises. I am a firm believer in preventative medicine and not enough energy is place on this type of health care. We are far too focused on what I call reactive medicine. Improved quality has been proven through research to be more cost effective. All care should be evidence-based to help improve the quality and decrease cost in the long run. References Kovner, A. R., & Knickman, J. R. (2011). Jonas & Kovner’s Health Care Delivery in the United States (10 ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. Thaler, R. H. (2014, February 23). Overcoming Obstacles to Better Health Care. The New York Times. p. BU6. Response

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Free Essays on Discrimination Against A Social Class

In today’s society discrimination takes on many different forms, from gender inequality to the social class of a person. Everyday people are looked down upon because of the color of their skin or because they may have different beliefs. However, although there are many forms of discrimination, the people that are discriminated against because of their lower social class are being pointed out and labeled a â€Å"disgrace† to society in some ways. Instead of providing assistance to these people in need, society wants to ridicule them and take even more away from them, making it even harder for them to succeed. According to The Declaration of Independence â€Å"all men are created equal†, yet in some cases this isn’t true at all. The people that discriminate against the people that don’t have a lot of money are only contributing to that person’s problems. This is only hurting their situation even more. In an article entitled â€Å"The Culture of Cruelty† by Ruth Conniff (associate editor of â€Å"The Progressive†) she is speaking with a man on a morning radio show about welfare. The caller was very adamant about letting her know what he thought about the â€Å"freeloading welfare mothers living on the high hog†. â€Å"A whiff of starvation is what they need† (Coniff 265). Is this the way people really think in society? Are people that need assistance from the government inadequate to the people that have a good job and a nice home? Many people have just had a hard time in life and need some help in life. There may be people in the world that use the benefits that the government gives them to their advantage, so they don’t have to work. Yet there are people that truly use those benefits for the right reasons. In some cases the people that are in need of assistance will not ask for help simply because society has made the word â€Å"welfare† seem dirty. Therefore these people refuse the assistance they truly need to keep t... Free Essays on Discrimination Against A Social Class Free Essays on Discrimination Against A Social Class In today’s society discrimination takes on many different forms, from gender inequality to the social class of a person. Everyday people are looked down upon because of the color of their skin or because they may have different beliefs. However, although there are many forms of discrimination, the people that are discriminated against because of their lower social class are being pointed out and labeled a â€Å"disgrace† to society in some ways. Instead of providing assistance to these people in need, society wants to ridicule them and take even more away from them, making it even harder for them to succeed. According to The Declaration of Independence â€Å"all men are created equal†, yet in some cases this isn’t true at all. The people that discriminate against the people that don’t have a lot of money are only contributing to that person’s problems. This is only hurting their situation even more. In an article entitled â€Å"The Culture of Cruelty† by Ruth Conniff (associate editor of â€Å"The Progressive†) she is speaking with a man on a morning radio show about welfare. The caller was very adamant about letting her know what he thought about the â€Å"freeloading welfare mothers living on the high hog†. â€Å"A whiff of starvation is what they need† (Coniff 265). Is this the way people really think in society? Are people that need assistance from the government inadequate to the people that have a good job and a nice home? Many people have just had a hard time in life and need some help in life. There may be people in the world that use the benefits that the government gives them to their advantage, so they don’t have to work. Yet there are people that truly use those benefits for the right reasons. In some cases the people that are in need of assistance will not ask for help simply because society has made the word â€Å"welfare† seem dirty. Therefore these people refuse the assistance they truly need to keep t...

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Guide to ACT Calculators Expert Tips

Guide to ACT Calculators Expert Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Knowing when where and how to best use a calculator on the ACT can be tricky. You are allowed to bring a calculator on test day (none will be provided for you), and it can mean the difference of several points on the ACT to have a calculator versus having none. But what kind of calculator should you bring and how should you make best use of it during the test? In this guide, we’ll cover everything you need to know about calculators on the ACT, from when you're allowed to use them, to what kinds are allowed, to how to avoid the most common ACT calculator mistakes. What Section Can I Use a Calculator On? You may only use a calculator for the ACT math section. Despite the fact that some ACT Science questions require basic calculations like addition or division, a calculator is strictly forbidden on every section except for ACT Math. Do I Need a Calculator? Technically, you do not need a calculator for the ACT. This is because the ACT is a standardized test and it would be unfair of the makers of the test to discriminate against anyone who could not afford to buy a calculator. That said, you should definitely bring a calculator! Though you'll only ever need to perform basic calculations for the test, it's much less time consuming (and often far more accurate!) to plug $64*3.14159$ (or $π$) into your calculator than it is to solve it long-hand. If you’re doing every ACT math question by hand, you will most likely NOT complete the full section within the allotted time. So do bring your calculator (as well as an alternate calculator and/or extra batteries). Always keep this information in mind as you go through the test: a calculator isn't technically needed for the test. Think about how that applies to how you approach each question. If you think you're being asked to find the perimeter of a cube with side lengths of $√15$ and none of the answers are in root form (i.e., $4√15$), chances are you misread or misunderstood the question. Are they actually asking you for the cube's area? Or did you calculate the sides of the cube inaccurately? If you find that there is no way to find an answer to a problem without a calculator (basically, if you need to do something more than basic calculations, which we will discuss later in this guide), you are on the wrong track! Take a step back and reevaluate what you're being asked. One of these paths takes you much farther away than you wanted to be. What Calculators Are Allowed on the ACT? The ACT is a little more strict than the SAT is when it comes to the calculators you're allowed to bring. For example, the SAT allows the TI-89 (a popular calculator), while the ACT forbids it. For the ACT, you can bring any calculator that does NOT have computer algebra system (CAS) functionality. A CAS calculator can solve problems algebraically, which would defeat the purpose of many of the ACT questions. If your calculator is not on the restricted list, it's allowed. According to official ACT guidelines, you must clear all documents on your calculator (so that you cannot bring notes), all programs with CAS capability, and all apps with CAS capability. They specifically mention that it is not enough to disable these programs- they must be fully removed. That said, most proctors aren't as strict as the ACT guidelines are. If you have a restricted calculator or functions, it won't hurt you to try to bring it to the testing center. But do bring a back-up calculator that you're used to using in case your proctor won't let you use your first-choice calculator. Types of Calculators NOT Allowed on the ACT This is the forbidden valley list of calculators and devices. Anything NOT on this list is considered an ACT-approved calculator by default: You are NOT allowed to bring any kind of laptop, phone, tablet, or PDA to use as a calculator. You CANNOT have anything with a paper tape readout. Exception: If you can remove the paper tape for the test, you can use it. You CANNOT have anything that plugs in. Exception: If you can remove all power/electrical cords for the test, you can use it. You CANNOT have anything that makes noise or can communicate with another device. Exception: If you can turn off the sound for the test, you can use it. You CANNOT have anything that has a QWERTY keyboard on it. You CANNOT use anything with an infared data port Exception: Cover the infared data port with heavy opaque material like duct tape or electrician's tape. You'll need to do this for calculators like the HP 38G series, HP 39G series, and HP 48G. Texas Instruments You CANNOT have any model that begins with TI-89 You CANNOT have any model that begins with TI-92 You CANNOT have the TI-Nspire CAS (The TI-Nspire non-CAS is allowed) Hewlett-Packard You CANNOT have the HP Prime You CANNOT have the HP 48GII You CANNOT have any model that begins with HP 40G You CANNOT have any model that begins with HP 49G You CANNOT have any model that begins with HP 50G Casio You CANNOT have the fx-CP400 (ClassPad 400) You CANNOT have the ClassPad 300 You CANNOT have the ClassPad 330 You CANNOT have the Algebra fx 2.0 You CANNOT have any model that begins with CFX-9970G No official word on whether or not you're allowed to bring an abacus, but my advice is to stick with devices that were designed after 1980. What's the Best ACT Calculator? In terms of calculator use for the ACT, familiarity is better than gadgetry. Because you're only going to be asked to perform basic calculations on the ACT math section, you won't need the most high-tech and advanced calculator model in the world. Fancy calculators are more likely to slow you down while you try to figure out their quirks and functions than they are to help you. That said, if you are most familiar with a high-tech (and ACT-approved) calculator, definitely bring it! What's most important is that your calculator is one you know well and are used to using. So pick one calculator and use it for everything. Use this same calculator for your math classes as well as on the ACT, so that you can become familiar with it before test day. If, on the other hand, you have no preference and are looking for advice on a calculator model, I'd personally recommend the TI-30X as the best calculator for ACT Math. The TI-30X great if you’re on a budget (no matter where you shop, you can get it for less than $18) and will do everything you need- parentheses, negatives, exponents, square roots, four basic functions, etc.- without getting into the overly complex functions and capabilities (which you won’t need anyway). But no matter what, make sure you familiarize yourself with your calculator before test day! Do some practice problems with your calculator at home before you take your official test. Don't just reach for the fanciest device you can find- make sure you really know your machine! How to Avoid Common ACT Calculator Mistakes Although you should definitely bring a calculator (again, preferably the calculator you feel most comfortable with), it is far more important to understand the question than it is to immediately reach for a calculator. Many problems are actually much simpler than they appear and can be done in seconds without a calculator. So don’t automatically reach for the calculator before you analyze the problem. With a problem like this, there are several approaches, each taking more or less time than the other. Option 1: Fastest way, no calculator. The question tells you this is an isosceles triangle. If you remember your formula for isosceles triangles, you can immediately say that the hypotenuse is $s√2$ or, in this case, $10√2$. So the answer is E. Option 2: Medium-fast, no calculator. You can quickly see that $10^2+10^2=200$. The hypotenuse, therefore, is: $√200$ or $√100*√2$ This becomes $10√2$. So the answer is E. Option 3: Slowest way, with calculator. If you forget both your isosceles triangle formula and how to reduce square roots, you can still do this problem (though it will take longer). $10^2+x^2=c^2$ You know that this is an isosceles triangle, so each side will be equal: $10^2+10^2=c^2$ $200=c^2$ $c=√200$ If you do not remember how to reduce the square root of 200, find the answer in your calculator (approximately 14.14) and then find the answer that matches. A, B, and C are eliminated, as they are integers. The square root of 20 will be far too small (4.47), since you are trying to find the square root of 200. The square root of 2 is 1.414. $(1.414)(10)=14.14$. So the answer is E, $10√2$ As with the above, some questions can be solved much faster in your head (or on scratch paper) than on a calculator. If the question requires a calculation you cannot do quickly or easily in your head, definitely use your calculator. But make sure to always double check your input line (the part where you type into your calculator) before you calculate the results! Plugging in the wrong values (or forgetting that crucial negative sign or parentheses) can make all the difference between a right and a wrong answer. For example, if you have $x=−5$ and an equation $f(x)=x^2+12$, make sure that you're plugging in your $x$ correctly. There is a huge difference between plugging in $−(5^2)+12$ and $(−5^2)+12$ into your calculator! The first equation is inaccurate and gives you -13. The second equation is correct and gives you 37. Make sure you are calculating for $x$ equals -5 here, not the finding the negative of 5 squared. If you’re making numerous errors in your practice tests, write down the equation by hand first. Even if it’s a problem that looks simple, doing it entirely on a calculator (or in your head) can lead to errors. Write down your steps before you whip out the calculator. When to Use Your Calculator You will never need your calculator to do more than a few basic calculations. You will only ever be asked to: Add Example: $213+456$ Subtract Example: $3500−1200$ Multiply Example: $33*10$ Divide Example: $54/3$ Take a Number to an Exponent And, even so, you'll only need to express a number to an exponent in a way that someone without a calculator could also do. For example, you may need to manipulate $x^23$ or $y^10$, but this is based on your understanding of exponent rules: Based on your knowledge of how exponents work, you know that $x^a*x^b=x^(a+b)$. So we have: $(2)(3)=6$ $x^4*x^5=x^(4+5)=x^9$ $y^1*y^8=y^(1+8)=y^9$ So the final answer is H, $6x^9y^9$ As you can see, this can all be done without a calculator. The ACT will never ask you for the answer to large exponent values, so you'll never need to find the value of $3^23$ or $2^10$, for example. The ACT math example above is typical of an exponent question you'll see on the test. Find the Square Root Square root problems will only be as complicated as making you find the value of perfect squares (e.g. $√81$), or having you reduce square roots (e.g. $√18=3√2$). If you know your basic squares ($2^2=4$, $3^2=9$, etc) and if you know how to reduce a square root, then you won’t need a calculator. Combine Different Kinds of Calculations The hardest part of your calculations will be in keeping them straight and putting them together. Again, you can solve this problem in one of two ways- with or without a calculator. Option 1: Fastest way, no calculator. Think about the percentages in terms of solid units of something. In this case, think of them as marbles. If you have four marbles and increase the amount by 25%, you are adding one marble (25% is equal to $1/4$th). So now you have five marbles. Then, you must take away 20% of those five marbles. Well, 20% is $1/5$th, so you're now back to four marbles. You began with four marbles and you ended with four marbles; you have exactly what you started out with. So the answer is C, 100% Option 2: Slower way, with calculator. You could also solve the problem algebraically. $x+0.25x=1.25x$ $1.25x−(0.2)(1.25x)=1x$ or 100% Either way, you are left with answer C, 100% Bottom line: if you find that you're trying to perform more complicated equations than these basic ones, you're likely going down the wrong path! Put your calculator down and examine what the question is really asking. Don't allow your time and energy to get sucked into doing unneeded calculations. The Take-Aways A calculator can be a great asset on the ACT, but only if you know how to use it properly. Make sure first that you're interpreting each problem correctly and develop the correct approach before you reach for your calculator. It’s far more important that you have a solid understanding of the mathematical concepts you’ll be tested on for the ACT than it is for you to be an expert at manipulating your calculator. Double check that you're using one of the ACT-approved calculators and familiarize yourself with your calculator model before test day. Finally, know that if you’re going down the rabbit hole of functions for each question, there's likely a much easier way to solve the problem. Keep all of these ACT calculator tips in mind, and you'll be good to go on test day! What's Next? Looking to boost your ACT Math score? Make sure you know exactly what's tested on ACT Math. And review your list of ACT Math formulas to make sure you know everything you need to before test day! Looking for an ACT math tutor? Read up on what makes for a good ACT math tutor, or find out more about PrepScholar's ACT tutoring options here. Aiming for a perfect score? Look no further than our article on how to get a 36 on the ACT math, written by a 36 ACT-scorer. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by ACT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Macroeconomics and Microeconomics - Auction Theory Essay

Macroeconomics and Microeconomics - Auction Theory - Essay Example The first type of open auctions is called English or ascending bid auctions, where the auction is usually done in real time. In this case, the seller usually sets a low price as the beginning price, after which the price is increased gradually as the bidder offer their prices. The bidders drop out of the auction as their true values are exceeded until the last bidder gets the item at her intrinsic value. The second type of auction is called Dutch or descending bid auctions, where the seller starts the auction at a high price and then gradually drops until the first bidder states the price and takes the item at the stated price (Easley and KleinBerg, 2010). The main area of focus for this paper is sealed bid auctions, which are divided into two types; first-price sealed bid auctions and second-price sealed bid auctions. The first-price sealed bid auction is one where all the buyers submit simultaneous sealed bids to the seller, who opens them and sells the item to the highest bidder a t the stated price (Easley and KleinBerg, 2010). Conversely, second-price sealed bid auctions refer to a case where the buyers submit sealed bids to the seller, who opens them and sells the item to the highest bidder, but at the second highest price. This type of auction is also called Vickrey auctions (Koutsojannis and Sirmakessis, 2009). Informational asymmetry in auctions usually affects the bidding decisions of both the seller and the buyer (Koutsojannis and Sirmakessis, 2009). To describe seller monopoly, consider an auction where the seller attaches a price of x on the item, and the bidder attaches a price of y to the item. In this case, the surplus to the seller and the buyer is...This essay outlines key concepts of the auction theory and stresses the importance of the game theory advances in choosing the right bidding strategy. This paper mainly focuses on first-price and second-price sealed auctions. The types of auctions are usually dispersed between open and sealed auctions, both of which need different types of bidding strategies . The first type of open auctions is called English or ascending bid auctions, where the auction is usually done in real time. The second type of auction is called Dutch or descending bid auctions, where the seller starts the auction at a high price and then gradually drops until the first bidder states the price and takes the item at the stated price The first comparison is between descending bid auctions and first-price auctions, where we know that, in a descending bid auction, the seller lowers the price until the first bidder gets the item at the highest price. Conversely, second-price sealed bid auctions and ascending bid auctions are similar. In the case of first-price sealed bid auctions, the value of the bid affects both the winning fact and how much the winning bidder pays for the item. The game theory setting for this kind of bid is to set up the bidders as players, where a bidder i assigns a value v to the item and bids at a price b. The dominant strategy in the case of second-price sealed bids is a truthful strategy, where the bidder bids the price of her true value as assigned to the item, since deviations from the price does not increase the payoff earned