Out of Africa Theory Essay

The Out of Africa Theory is a widely renown theory describing the origin of the human race and their early dispersal throughout the world. According to this theory, humans have a monogensis, or a single and common origin; Africa. The concept was first introduced in 1871 by Charles Darwin but was deliberated for years until further studies of mitochondrial DNA and evidence †based on physical anthropology of archaic specimens† was added. During the early 19th century, scientists, archeologist and other scholars, speculated, studied and disagreed about the development of humans and our origins. Some experts theorized that humans are monogenism and developed into various varieties of species. Others argue that we are a polygenism mammal and that we either had separate development of various human species or developed as separate species through †transmutation† of apes. It was until the year 1871 when one of the first theories had been proposed openly. During that year, Charles Darwin published the book †Descent of Man†, in which he suggested that all humans were descendant from early humans who lived in Africa based on his studies of the behavior of African apes. In his book, Charles Darwin concluded, †In each great region of the world the living mammals are closely related to the extinct species of the same region. It is, therefore, probable that Africa was formerly inhabited by extinct apes closely allied to the gorilla and chimpanzee; and as these two species are now man’s nearest allies, it is somewhat more probable that our early progenitors lived on the African continent than elsewhere. But it is useless to speculate on this subject, for an ape nearly as large as a man, namely the Drypithecus of Lartet, which was closely allied to the anthropomorphous Hylobates, existed in Europe during the Upper Miocene period; and since so remote a period the earth has certainly undergone many great revolutions, and there has been ample time for migration on the largest scale. † Unfortunately, it wasn’t until 50 years later when other scholars began to support Charles Darwin’s theory when an sufficient number of fossils of early humans in several areas of Africa was found. During the 1980s, three specialists, Allan Wilson, Rebecca Cann and Mark Stoneking, worked together on another theory that supports Charles Darwin’s speculation, the â€Å"Mitochondrial Eve† hypothesis. In these tests, the scientists solemnly focused on mitochondrial DNA, human genes that lay within the cell and are passed from mother to child. These genes allow mutation, as they mutate quickly for adaptation, thus allowing those studying to find and track changes during short time periods. By focusing on these genes and comparing their differences, the three scientists were able to create a hypothesis about the time and place when modern humans began to evolve. According to their findings, they believe that modern humans are decentants from a single population, while earlier humans e. g. Neandertals and Homo erectus, had become extinct. Furthermore, the team compared the DNA of numerous people of differerent ethnic backgrounds and concluded that all humans did indeed evolve from ‘one mother’ in Africa about 150,000 years ago. According to physical evidence, and theories, scholars have concluded upon a whole hypothesis. Based on their knowledge and belief, modern humans diverged from Homo sapiens between 200,000 and 150,000 years ago specifically in Africa, that between 125,000 and 60,000 years ago members of Homo sapiens left Africa, and that these humans species gradually replaced earlier human populations. East Africa has been the single and specific orgin of the human race that most scientists have conluded on. There are still speculations and debates on whether there had been one single dissolution or several. Due to genetic, linguisitc and archaeological findings, the Southern Dispersal theory, a theory in which included several exodus, has become the most favorable theory, however many researchers are gradually considering the first and original haven was Northern Africa. Scientists believe the population of early humans had been around 2,000 to 5,000 while they persisted in Africa, and only small groups of persumably 150 to 1,000 migrated out towards the Red Sea. These few individuals went out to expand and eventually populate the rest of the world. For example, one theory suggests that those who traveled along the southern coastline of Asia ultimately crossed the sea and colonized in Australia about 50,000 years ago. Other researchers believe and have proposed to a multiple dispersal theory in which states that there had been two major migrations out of Africa. According to this speculation, one group crossed the Red Sea and traveled along the coastline until reaching India. The other, meanwhile, migrated north, following the Nile River, and crossed into Asia through the Sinai. From there, several members dispersed in various directions, some headed towards Europe while other went east into Asia. It is unclear, however, if Homo sapiens migrated to North America 30,000 years ago, or later around 14,000 years ago. From there on, Homo sapiens gradually and continiously migrated and settled on to every continent, except Antartica, and gradually began to increase and populate the world.

Professional School Counselor: Personal Experience

Maria's professional school counselor, how would you assist her with issues that have personal, emotional, developmental, cultural, and spiritual/religious ramifications? 0 Specifically identify strategies, programs, and practices that advocate for social Justice and academic success for Maria. 0 Identify how you would use collaboration and consultation to work with students, teachers, parent's, and community agencies to reduce the recent increase in teenage pregnancy at your school. Briefly, compare and contrast the three models of consultation presented n the Reform text , and identify the model that you would apply it to address the issue of teenage pregnancy in your school and why? 0 What are the ethical and legal considerations in this case? As Maria's professional school counselor, I would assist her with her issues with various ramifications by having one-on-one counseling sessions to learn more about her, her culture, her worldview, and her current decision making process.I u nderstand that she may be having a hard time dealing with the obstacles life has put in her path by being pregnant, losing her parent's, being new to the U. S. And school, and not knowing what decisions she will make. After getting to know Maria better, I would counsel based on the information I gathered from her, along with the help of various resources to help her deal with the issues we addressed. A strategy that could advocate for social Justice and academic success for Maria would be using a scientific approach as proposed by Sue (1998).I would start by forming a hypothesis about Maria. I would then do dynamic sizing, which in this situation I definitely would want to exclusively work with Maria. This is important because it helps me to not stereotype Maria and embrace her culture at the same time. Lastly, I would do research on Maria's culture and consult with a colleague who may have the same culture, or is bilingual to help make the process smoother. I would look into gettin g her into and SSL class as soon as possible to ensure I am advocating for the successful completion of high school against the odds that Maria face.The recent increase in teenage pregnancy is definitely an issue I would like to address. Through elaboration and consultation with parent's, teachers, and the community, I would propose having assemblies twice a year on teenage pregnancy and premarital sex and the risks the student is taking. I would get with the health department and see if I could get a nurse to lead the program and become the guest speaker as well provide alternate meaner of protection when it comes to sex.I am aware that I would not be able to change the decision of whether or not the students have sex, but I would be sure that they are well educated on the consequences and repercussions f the act. The assembly would be scheduled where the female and male students attended separately so there would not be any discomfort. The assembly would be mandatory. The three mo dels of consultation in the Reform text is triadic-dependent model, the collaborative-dependent model, and the collaborative-interdependent focus of concern, which is the client.In this model, the consultant provides services indirectly to the client through the consultant's work with the consulate. The counselor works in direct contact with the student (223). The collaborative- pendent model is the consultant engages the knowledge and expertise of the consulate regarding the student's and the system's strengths and weaknesses, the contextual factors that influence the student, and the student's reactions to previous interventions (p. 227).The collaborative-interdependent model emphasizes an interdependent problem-solving process in which family members, educators, counselors, youth, and members of the broader community contribute as equal participants (p. 228). Triadic-dependent and collaborative-dependent consultation oodles are helpful when seeking change for an individual client or family or for a single organizational system related to normal development problems. The collaborative-interdependent is used for problems that are more complex.I would use the collaborative-interdependent model when it comes to addressing the teenage pregnancy in my school because this gives the students a wealth of professional and community members that they are able to seek help from that goes beyond the schoolhouse and home. Ethic and legal considerations for this case with Maria would definitely be confidentiality. I would have to find who her legal guardian is because I would try to get her to let them know she is pregnant if she had not already.I would also need to make sure she is getting the correct medical attention and vitamins that she needs while she is pregnant. I would not push the issue of citizenship, but if she addresses it, we would look into the situation to ensure that there are no issues when it comes to delivering her child. Reference Reform, B. (2011). T ransforming the school counseling profession. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.

Business Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Business Communication - Essay Example lobal character, and therefore one of the main tendencies since the end of the 20th century is the integration of all companies connected with production and use of chemicals all over the world into a common and unified system of environment care. The concept of chemical safety for the 21st century was created in 1992 during the International UNO Conference in Rio de Janeiro. The issue of the impact that chemicals produce upon the humans and the nature has been researched by the scientists, and the results of their findings are astonishing. Here are just some very basic facts: Among the multiple factors harbouring the health of our people an important place is taken by chemical pollution of some areas of the country. That is why toxicology emerged as the science studying different aspects of the impact of chemicals upon people and nature. Some chemicals, including industrial waste that have been emitted into the environment can generate mutations, and it is sometimes extremely hard to forecast what kind of mutation will the toxication with the chemical evoke; Among the most widespread effects of chemicals upon the organism of people and animals are the damage of immune and nervous systems which can lead to serious problems with health and can even produce effect upon further generations; Ecological problems are inseparably connected not only with the health issues but also with the economy. As Brown has it: â€Å"Living standards are falling in many countries due to environmental degradation†¦. Many people have long understood, at least intuitively, that continuing environmental degradation would eventually exact a heavy economic toll†. (Brown 1993, pg 16) Ecological control of chemicals in the objects of the environment is therefore extremely important. There are certain approaches that allow to dispose industrial waste without harming the nature, and these should be introduced into the everyday practice all over the globe. The prospects of developing this

Supply and Demand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Supply and Demand - Essay Example The discussion then shifts to US perspective where in the price of the oil is determined to a great extent by the Americans. Nearly 25% of the world oil supplies are consumed by USA. The article concludes by stating that the price of the crude oil may go up to $200 per barrel in the coming years. The demand in the output markets are determined by the households from the above diagram. A household's decision about what quantity of a particular product depends upon the following factors and all the factors are getting affected due to the price hike. Other products include substitutes (Solar power, Electric Battery, Wind power etc.) and complementary goods (Cars and Automobiles etc.). Due to this price rise, the prices of these substitutes and complementary goods will remain affected. Substitutes, a favourable condition exists and for complementary goods, the condition worsens. As per this graph, the pricing of oil is having an impact on producers and consumers. The producers/suppliers price the oil as per the law of supply in early 2000's where the oil market was a buyers market. The basis of pricing was cost of production of the least efficient marginal supplier. As per this graph, the pricing of oil is having an impact on producers and consumers in the perspective of price hike. ... It is the amount left after a household sells off all its possessions and pays off all its debts. 4. The Prices of other products available in the market Other products include substitutes (Solar power, Electric Battery, Wind power etc.) and complementary goods (Cars and Automobiles etc.). Due to this price rise, the prices of these substitutes and complementary goods will remain affected. Substitutes, a favourable condition exists and for complementary goods, the condition worsens. 5. The households' tastes and preferences will change. 6. The household's expectations about future income, wealth and prices also will change. Ultimately, the law of demand - "As price rises, quantity demanded decreases and vice versa" will play a crucial role in decision making by the household's. Graphical Analysis World Price 80 10 Quantity (Barrels) Oil Pricing before Price hike As per this graph, the pricing of oil is having an impact on producers and consumers. The producers/suppliers price the oil as per the law of supply in early 2000's where the oil market was a buyers market. The basis of pricing was cost of production of the least efficient marginal supplier. World Price 100 15 Quantity (Barrels) Oil Pricing after Price hike As per this graph, the pricing of oil is having an impact on producers and consumers in the perspective of price hike. The producers/suppliers price the oil on three major components where the oil market is now a sellers market. The basis of pricing is based on three

The theme of Midsummer is love, but what exactly is Shakespeare saying Essay

The theme of Midsummer is love, but what exactly is Shakespeare saying about love in his play - Essay Example It cannot be understood with reasoning and cannot be bargained, as love is blind. Helena exclaims in Act 1 Scene 1 lines 234-35: Shakespeare has expressed his emotions towards love through the characters of Piramus and Thisby by showing a play-within-the-play that ends in tragedy because of a misunderstanding like it happens in the play Romeo and Juliet where both die a tragic death. Because it is a comedy, reality and consequences of love are shown in a drama by perceiving the sad end of the drama perhaps the lovers in the Midnight Summer thank their fate for resolving their misunderstandings they had in the wood for their good. There is a complex angle of love, described by Shakespeare through Lysander who finds that it is his love for Hermia the feelings of which are hidden somewhere in his psyche but when he gives vent to his emotions than hiding them, he finds that his love for Helena is much more precious that the feelings he has for Hermia. The element of supernatural interference symbolizes that things turn out finally as desired by the phenomena beyond human reasoning, as in the play it is represente d by Oberon and the fairies in the woods who decide the fate of love. Shakespeare wants to project the power of the unseen positive forces that help lovers in their own magic ways to resolve their misunderstandings. In the end, it is the celebration of love materialized into marriage; it is the romantic love for which Shakespeare is renowned in presenting dramatically. Before the comic end and climax, there are a lot of coercions to compel the lovers to bow before the anti powers. True love is not easy to comprehend; related feelings of lust, hatred, and jealousy affect the natural process and flow of love. Love represents care, faith, affection and closeness in love relations, which Shakespeare is actually saying that true love can not be realized without facing opposition. Fate plays an

Is the Death Penalty Just and Applied Fairly Research Paper

Is the Death Penalty Just and Applied Fairly - Research Paper Example The issue of capital punishment, more specifically the death penalty, is a topic that can split the American public as far as their view points to two extreme sides. There are those who are against the death penalty and those who are for the death penalty. The death penalty can be such a polarizing topic that there are 16 states that have abolished the death penalty as opposed to the 34 states as well as the United States government and the military supporting it (Jones, 2002). The death penalty can be defined as the taking of a human’s life for their crimes or imposing the punishment of death for their crimes. A question arises that whether this death penalty is just and applied fairly? The death penalty is just and it is applied fairly and according to a Gallup Poll in May of 2002, 7 in 10 Americans agree. There is a vast majority of the Americans who insist on abolishing the death penalty of the mentally retarded at least. Almost 82% of the American population opposes death penalty for this particular group while the rest support the action. The case of Andrea Yates created this ratio in court. She was found guilty of murdering her five children but was mentally ill herself. Nearly 75% of the people opposed death penalty for her. History tells that America has been fairly constant in its decision for death penalty under the age of 21. This has varied over many years. They have refused to be supportive in this regard. In 1965, when 45% favored the death penalty in general, only 21% were in favor of applying the rule on juveniles. During the colonial era of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, England regarded death as a penalty for crimes such as treason, manslaughter, robbery, rape, murder, counterfeiting, arson, burglary, theft – or any capital crimes of the like. The American colonial past and the present followed the same footsteps. Over the period of time it became illogical to apprehend the same punishment for all these crimes, hence it was deduced that only the gravest of crimes will be awarded with death. However, America followed the tradition of refusing to show any understanding towards the minority which denied any such punishment. It is researched that they did not follow the tradition blindly but due to the institutional structure prevailing in the eighteenth century, the role of capital punishment was broader than it is today. As mentioned above, the notion of death penalty varied from state to state. The northern colonial penal codes were more severe than those in England because of the varying religious origins of the colonies (Banner, 2002). Coincidentally, the era of American colonization coincided with the stiffening of the criminal law prevailing in England. The crimes that seemed minor to most of them such as poaching deer, stealing minor amount of cash and the like, started to be regarded as deathly and consequential. Colonies which had a larger number of slaves tried them and punished them for every little crime they did. As long as slavery was common, the system continued to function with more terror and bitterness. Much was done out of racial differences. Blacks were accused and caught for crimes more frequently. The crimes that were committed by the whites were left unattended in most cases. What was to be done with such kind of inequality? Execultions of the criminals were conducted on the roads for better

From Colonialism to the New Humanity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

From Colonialism to the New Humanity - Essay Example As the study declares that the colonization precipitated the awakening of national consciousness of the colonized. One could state equally that it moderated the tempo of this awareness by keeping the colonized apart from the true conditions of contemporary citizenship. It is this quotation from the Albert Memmi’s work that he explains the formation of nationalism within the hearts of the colonized. Hence, the author implies that there is, indeed, a distinction in the existence between the colonizer and the colonized in a colonial context. He specifically reiterates that the colonized lives in a condition which is absolute – a condition dictated by the colonized. With such, the colonized will inevitably seek for a compromise in order to break the absolute condition imposed by their colonial masters. A rough sketch is then created out of the author’s narrative of how the colonial mentality dwells within the minds of those subjugated. It can be said that colonialism can bring about the deed for revolt, hence toppling the colonized society and its masters. He makes clear that it is through violence, pushed by the abstract force of nationalism, that change can be attained. It is clear that Memmi explains how the road to a post-colonial society functions – that the prerequisite of nationalism and revolution will overthrow the existing system to create a new society. The pretext of a colonial society is further expounded by Aime Cesaire. He explains that the initial purpose of colonization – which is to have contact with other civilizations – is not what it seemed to be. The author suggests that colonization bears no human contact; it only creates a relationship of domination and subjugation. In this case, the dominating force will be the colonizer and the subjugated force will be the colonized. To add to this, the author creates a sense of anachronism within the European’s notion of colonialism. He says that Europe is a hypocrite with its idea of bringing change to a savage society. He explains that the colonial masters were incapable of creating distinctions between the notion of reason and conscience. This study outlines that Europe utilizes its power to deceive and to create an inevitable hatred amongst other peoples and races. Both Memmi and Cesaire clearly create a definitive stand about colonization and the repercussions they bring unto a particular society. Both authors present that the stratifications of the colonizer and the colonized create conflict with one another. They narrate that subjugation is the primary notion that pushes the oppressed into a collective action which can change the existing system. Also, the concept of nationalism is presented as a tool of creating the sense of heroism within every subjugated individual. Nationalism and collective action will inevitably lead to violence which is directed to a purpose of social change.

Discussion Question 2 Week 8 Capital Structure Decisions Assignment

Discussion Question 2 Week 8 Capital Structure Decisions - Assignment Example This is where companies with higher amount of debt are riskier. Decisions on the capital structure of a company will be influenced by the business risk of the company, the management style, the market conditions and the growth rate (Bierman, 2003). Therefore, any approach taken when making this decision should consider these factors. There are a number of theories to capital structure, which include: the net income theory of capital structure. This theory encourages companies to decrease their cost of capital and increase their market value. This is by increasing debt and decreasing equity, also known as having a financial leverage. The second theory of capital structure is the net operating theory of capital structure. This method does not agree with increasing the financial leverage as in the net income theory. This means that change in capital structure has no effect on the company’s market value. There is also the Modigliani and miller method which states that no relations hip exists between the capital structure of the company and its cost of capital (Shim, 2008). This theory indicates that the cost of capital plus the value of any company depend on the expectations of investors. Finally, there is the traditional theory of capital structure which combines net operating income approach and the net income approach. It involves increasing the debt which raises the market value of the company until an optimal level. Looking at the theories, it is clear that the traditional theory of capital structure is the most applicable across the widest number of scenarios. This is because this method looks at the best mix of debt and equity while ensuring that the company does not go beyond the optimal level. This optimal level ensures that the market value of the company does not decrease and thus the stock prices remain optimal. Since this method optimizes the stock prices, the weighted-average cost of capital will

People reaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

People reaction - Essay Example I have a characteristically funny yet stubborn friend. He is an aggressive person who uses either verbal words or his physical power to express actions. He is argumentative since he always contends over one or two issues with other friends. Even though we live in proximity, he is a bossy fellow, deceitful and domineering over others (Rush and Lowe 52). Usually, he tries to force his thoughts on others. Therefore, his nature depicts an inconsiderate individual who always irritates others unknowingly. Based on his nature, other people view him as a rude person, manipulative and spiteful. My brother is an industrious and active person. He is ever busy attending to something or helping my parents with work. While at work, he demonstrates his ambition of success through quality services and output. He is an assertive person with a high level of confidence. However, he has shown some degree of carelessness because he rushes into making decisions that sometimes are detrimental to his success. To minimize on the unfortunate trait, he tries to be cautious and conscientious (Rush and Lowe 52). He usually asks for other people’s opinions before embarking on a

The typography used on the word helpline Essay Example for Free

The typography used on the word helpline Essay The font is the same throughout the ad but the size is different. The main question asked in the ad is what do you know about cocaine? This is put in a bigger font size in the whole ad and it goes through both pages to make it stand out. The colour of the font is white throughout the ad apart from the drugs Help-line, which is in yellow writing on a black background. This is because it is trying to make the number stand out at you in the dark. This could also symbolise the fact the most people take drugs in the dark or the colour black could symbolise death. The typography used on the word helpline has a question mark replacing the letter P. This is used to catch the readers attention if they are skim reading the ad and once the readers attention has been caught, the phone number is directly under the question mark. The telephone number is in a larger size font than the website. This is because the advertiser wants the reader to use the phone and explain their problems and have assistance with what they can do. If they made the website stand out most teenagers could go onto it but then think I have better things to do. However, they do want to have a website for people who may feel more comfortable going on the Internet, but the whole point of the ad is to advertise the Help-line. This ad is definitely aimed at teenagers or people who are in their early twenties. This is because the ad has got pictures of teenagers and what they think of drugs. There is a good chance that the teenagers who take drugs can relate to this ad because the opinions of the men in the advert are common opinions on what most teenagers think of the effects of drugs. You can also easily tell the ad is aimed for teenagers because the pictures are taken at a disco, the main place where teenagers go. Not only that but you can also see teenagers in the background drinking and dancing. The overall message of the ad is quite simple; dont take cocaine and if you  are not sure what the effects of them are, call the National Drugs Helpline and  who will tell you all the facts. The lifestyles that the ad seems to suggest  after you have cocaine this can cause you being scruffy, getting paranoid weeks after taking cocaine and you cant sleep hence the womens opinion of drugs in the ad. The message that the ad is trying to get across to the reader is dont believe what your friends say about drugs and find out the actual facts before you take them.

Strategic performance measurement

Strategic performance measurement Introduction to Strategic performance management and its Importance (Moore, 2010) illustrates that strategic performance management system focuses on the workers individual input which is stemmed from a culture inside the company based on interest and worth and it helps the employee to keep attention on base line. With the help of ‘Strategic performance management a company makes a clear mission, sets objectives and creates obvious gettable goals. ‘Strategic performance management is an influential apparatus which guides the company to gauge the outcomes, and helps the organization to find the poor areas which require attention (Moore, 2010). Many companies cannot judge their clear direction and fail in achieving their targets and that is the way for workforce dissatisfaction. With a proper system in place the companies know which goals should be prefers and what should be time frame to achieve those goals. With the help of a ‘performance management system they know whether they have to give importance to consumer or is the internal strengths are more important. They also come to know that which goals should be given more importance than others (Moore, 2010). As a result ‘strategic performance management helps a company to clearly define its objectives and makes the mission more clear and if everything is clear for the workforce then they know their roles which help the organization in order to get success. (Moore, 2010). Aims and Objectives of the Assignment In this assignment there is emphasis given to the importance of ‘Strategic Performance Management, its purpose and the main role in the success of an organization. The selected company is Tesco Plc and what it is doing in terms of its performance management. In addition to this the setting or desired goals and their achievement is discussed. The role of teams and the techniques for the setting targets for teams are elaborated. Moreover, it is discussed that how teams help the company achieve its objectives. There is also emphasis on the job of top management to motivate the workforce in order to get the targets are discussed and in the end the ways and means of keeping the employees motivated are presented. Brief Introduction to Selected Organization Tesco Plc started its business as a value retailer in 1929 and later on it became a top retail giant doing its business in more than fourteen countries with its core UK operations where it holds more than 35 % market share. The company has achieved this position with its ‘growth strategy which focuses on its expansion projects ranging from customers to geographies. It introduced its new strategy in 1997 with a ‘Corporate Steering Wheel which focuses on key expansion areas. The company has an integrated ‘Strategic performance management plan in place in order to take it forward in UK as well as abroad (Dransfield, 2001). LO1: Performance Targets and Strategic Objectives 1.1 Links between team performance and strategic objectives Organizations need to set clear strategic goals in order to be successful in the competitive market. These goals should be realistic and clear so that anybody associated with the operations of the organization knows his/her duty regarding these goals (Wyld, 2010). Important aspects About Strategic Objectives (Birnbaum, 2009) explains the importance of 10 strategic goals which are needed to be considered by any organization in order to gain success in the marketplace. Market Standing: The Company should make its strategic objectives keeping in the view its current position and the desired position in the market by comparing it with the rivalry it is facing. Tesco is currently number one in the UK market against its major rivals like Asda and Sainsburys as it holds more than 35 % of the market share as compared to almost 15 % of Asda and Sainsburys Innovation: The Company should bring fresh products and services in its line-up including new technology and that is the way of progress. Tesco has started new products in its stores including its non-food section and its financial services as part of its growth strategy and has brought new technologies which can take the company to new heights with the help of fast processing, operations and customer services. Human resources: In order to gain its strategic objectives the organization needs to choose and improve the best of its human resource. If workforce is working efficiently then the company can beat its rivals. Tesco in its ‘Corporate Steering Wheel has given a specific place to its employees and their progress is monitored and presented every month in the ‘Wheel placed in front of them in every store (Woods, 2008). Financial Resources: The organization should have sufficient monetary resources in order to start its plans and follow them with more investment. If not then the plan of bringing new goods, new technology, new business and many other projects are under great pressure to grow. Tesco, over the years have grown its stores line up from Metro, Express and Hypermarkets and have also started its businesses in emerging markets like china and India. Physical Resources: The basic infrastructure of the company and its usage, the physical ability of the company is needed in order to show its strength in the market. Tesco has several physical resources which are a sign of its success. It has more than 2000 stores in UK and more than 400 in international market and it is still expanding Productivity: Proficient utilization of company possessions as needed is productivity. Tesco has given it great consideration over the years and has many ways to produce its products and services. Social Responsibility: Taking care of the values of community and the company ‘stakeholders and if the company takes care of it, it is successful in modern business. Tesco has made the ‘taking care of community as one of the core parts of its growth strategy presented in 1997 (www.tescocorporate.com). Profit Requirements: Expansion and fiscal strength are two main factors in profit requirements. Expenses minus cost is usually known as profit and if the company is going in profit it can achieve its targets and grow. Tesco faced a serious crisis at the start of year 2009 due to recession and it had two consecutive losses in its first two quarters of 2009 which had a serious blow on its plan to start its business in US. Action Planning: Laying of a proper plan in order to get the objectives. The company can achieve its goals if the plan goes as it is planned. Tesco has got a lot of success because it makes realistic and achievable plans. Future Course of Action: The Company should make plans of future keeping in view what it is doing now, who does it for the company and what are the prospects and routes to get it. Tesco revises its position by displaying its steering wheel in all of its outlets translated in different languages and keeps an eye on its overall performance and its route towards success (Dransfield, 2001). Workforce requirements (team) capable of achieving above strategic objectives (Coisson, 2010) emphasizes the need of a group of employees working together as a team in the organization. The management in all successful companies put ‘team-building activities in place and do the conferences in order to give knowledge to employees of the need of teams. In order to know what the benefit of making ‘teams in few steps are important as mentioned below: The employees should be provided opportunities to get the knowledge of influence of working in a team environment. The company should make the benefits of a team clear to the workforce as a ‘team constructs the innovation and changes the quality of the work towards positive results. The company should emphasize on the need of loyalty towards the team in the mind of workers. There should be proper systems in place in which the employees know their importance and work with eagerness towards the company. They should know that working in a team will enhance their knowledge and skilfulness and make them distinctive in a unit of workers. Different skills emerge as a result of working in a team and employees should know it. (Likierman, 2009) illustrates the Tesco uses the ‘balanced scorecard in order to check the performance of employees linked with the company objectives. The company works on this scorecard in order to make a worker know that if his own goals are accomplished then the company objectives are also achieve while working in a team and in everyday job the workforce does know the effectiveness of working in a team and the balance of company values with his own intentions. 1.2 Tools and techniques available to set team performance targets: Company Example: Litton SLC and its Self-Directed Work Teams (SDWT) (Phillips, 1994) Litton Company makes navigation systems for ‘cruise missiles and ‘fighter gets has almost six hundred workers. It had a top-to-bottom conventional structure in 1981 which was later on changed into ‘circles known as employee ‘circle partic plan in 1981. It consisted of 3 circles, and on the base of progress of these circles of employees working together, they changed to 15 circles in 1982 and in 1983 these circles changed into teams. For the next 1.5 years there was a great progress and continual improvement in the company as a result of these teams working together. There were regular team meeting on the company floor ‘once every week in which company executives used to sit with the team members. Since 1985, all of these team members were provided with 3 days training and in 1987 these teams were changed into ‘self-directed-work-teams (SDWT) and as the new boss took interviewed one hundred team members from different teams he find out that there were 1-2 leaders in every team that could lead the company in the future. Since then the number of teams had reached ‘133. On the basis of (SWDT), the top management thought to change its product line to two different product lines: 1. â€Å"P-500 product line† and 2. â€Å"Ring lazor Gyro Product line† and all this was possible due to the team performance. The company then applied total quality management technique (TQM), the waste was reduced, quality was improved, and there was more return on investment (ROI) and many other benefits. Since 1993, the company created 14 focused factories, ROI was more than 600 %, waste was reduced 50% and federal government put the company on the â€Å"preferred list† of companies by looking at its progress. This example proves that how important is building teams and what are the benefits to the organization. Tools and Techniques There are many tools and techniques used for the performance measurement, but here we will discuss â€Å"Mickensys 7S† model. McKinseys 7 S models One of the most important tools of measuring the ‘team performance targets is â€Å"Mckinseys 7S Model which was made to measure the performance of a company by a company called Mckinsey and Company (Pascale et al, 1981). All of the ‘variables of this model start from the Letter â€Å"S.† We will use this technique here to find out the performance of Tesco teams as follows: These 7S include â€Å"Strategy, Structure, systems, skills, style, staff and shared values.† These variable are also known as â€Å"managerial molecule.† (Peters Waterman, 1982). Most of the American companies gave more importance to first three of the variable while neglected others but most of the Japanese considered first two as â€Å"soft variables.† Amercians thought that the first three could change. Mickensys model does not give importance to the external factors that affect the strategy of the organization. Here we will have a analysis of the variables aligned with the objectives of the company. Using the 7S Model to Analyze an Organization So the 7S mentioned in the model are distributed into soft and hard parts. The first three are clearly mentioned in the company reports normally but in order to understand the real situation of the company the soft components are our main focus because the workforce changes these components from time to time. if we want to have a clear knowledge of the company they should be analyzed briefly. Tesco is not like the other organizations where there is more emphasis given to hierarchy than the individual performance. All of its employees know their job and how to do it. Tesco employees know what is anticipated from them and whether they have achieved the given target or not (Gibbs et al, 2009). The ‘plan and review document is given to all of the workers and their performance is mentioned on the ‘steering wheel which is posted weekly and monthly in order to show their performance standing. Also all the soft components of Micknsys model are interrelated between each other such as values with the workforce and the employee goals and this interralated qualities are coincided in the ‘Corporate Steering Wheel of Tesco and when it is displayed at the end of the month, everything is mentioned clearly in this model. The scorecard of Tesco is practical and it aligns the employee goals to company values and supports the employees align their own values in their daily job. Although most of the company culture and values are related to the ‘core of those companies but Tesco employees can pursue their own goals aligned with the company goals (Likierman, 2009). 1.3 The Value of Team Performance Tools to Measure Future Team Performance: Capacity and Capability of Current Workforce (Chuasiriporn, 2010) thinks that ‘performance measurement can made official with the help of diagrams and charts in order to keep an eye on the growth to fulfil the goals of the organization. The only method to do it is to keep measuring it in the form of numbers. When the data is put in the shape of a graph, then it can be a lead for the prospects the company wants to achieve. Function There should be a estimation of current performance of the organization in full and all of the components to be measured should be clearly mentioned. Time Frame Clear ‘dates should be fixed in order to achieve some objectives, there might be a difference of opinion in the mind of workers and their managers but still a fixed time frame should be mentioned. Weightage There should be clarity of which goals to be achieved first and which ones have a secondary importance. Those objectives which are needed to be taken care of first, should be prioritised. Considerations All of the targets should be flexible and changeable in performance measurement. There should be a clear vision about the target and if any change is needed should be done. That means there should be proper ‘tracking of all the measures. (Tesco Case Study) gives an idea of the ‘balanced scorecard used at Tesco in order to measure the performance of the employees and core reimbursements are given below: It clearly shows what is going to be measured by giving the current performance It shows what is coming next which will be gauged It clarifies the workers performance in detail and his/her contribution to the company There is a clear way shown in it where the company wants to go and which goal is more important It gives the performance of the teams clearly and shows them they way forward. LO2: Team Performance targets to contribute to meeting strategic objectives: 2.1 Analysis of required performance targets within teams against current performance: There should be an agreement in the teams about the specific targets to be achieved in a specific period of time, keeping in view what is most important to do first. (Hanson, 2010) thinks that in order to have influential management, the ‘performance measurement is important. He considers various steps to be consideredL Tesco has plan to introduce hypermarket shoping mall which is running successful in China. While international level tesco open superstore in india with tata group which is a success of tesco in Asia. Whil in Europe tesco has plan to open more store food and non food. Name your company goals, not more than 5 as more aims lead to confusion Anything related to success of any goal should be practical. For example training of ‘health and safety if there is a danger of accidents The goals of success should be changed into metrics. For example if the company has to pick up the sales, then how much sales? How the objectives will be achieved, what is the baseline of success target? Put a 3 point range in place, ‘minimum, moderate and â€Å"stretch† targets. For example, if the company wants to set a goal of how many workers will finish their training by the end of the quarter and ‘ passing grade is set at 70%, then the management can set 60% of employees at minimum, 65% moderate and 85% at stretch. 2.2 Individual commitments to team performance in achievement of organizational goals: (Nash, 2009) explains that organizations should always give more importance to each of the individuals who are working in a team; workers should be given more confidence and must be engaged in all the works done by the team.( There are many factors important in this regard including taking care of the individual preferences, their choices, the values of the individual, giving them importance and rewarding them if any target is achieved. These factors can be helpful in useful contribution of the individual. When this individual with the encouragement will join a team he/she will contribute and the team will be high performing one. 2.3 Application of delegation, mentoring and coaching to the achievement of organizational objectives: Any kind of mentoring and coaching influences the performance of the individual with new skills, behaviour and new commitment with the job. If the team member is not coached about whole of the environment and how to do the job, that member is not confident and if not confident will not contribute positively to the team. (Johnson, 2009 believes that there should be five steps given importance in this regard 1. Setting clear goals 2. Training 3. Behaviour observation 4. Feedback and 5. Positive reinforcement. 2.4 A team performance plan to meet organizational objectives: (Holman, 2009) describes the importance of ‘team performance plan as this plan is not just managed in 1 department of the company; it is in the whole organization. This team performance plan has brings many benefits to the organization as the team performance Solves many problems and is helpful in different choices. Because there is not just one person taking all the decisions, it is the whole team which does it, so they become easy. There is more communication in different team members after working on this plan. The team members are able to communicate their knowledge and skills with each other. There are more chances of risk if the management is not working in the form of teams and if any problem occurs, then teams can handle it better. Different departments can be collaborated with the teams of each department sharing the same kind of idea. Also there is always resistance to any kind of change, so teams can handle this matter far better. Even a team member can give his views and top management has to listen to it because it is good platform. So all the targets set by organization can be achieved by dividing the big objectives into small set of performance measures. Teams working at Tesco consist of all kinds of workers and they keep sharing their work and duties. There is great importance given to company growth strategy but the whole of the workforce which consists of teams knows what they have to do, what is the company goal and what is their own target and the route to achieve it. There is a great collaboration in teams and they work together to achieve the company objectives and they are informed every week that what is the company target and what is their progress with the help of ‘Tesco Steering Wheel. LO3: Monitoring 3.1 The process for monitoring team performance and initiate changes where necessary: It is the responsibility of any leader to monitor the performance of any team. There can be many ways to monitor the performance (Papa, 2010). One of them can be that there should be clear objectives in mind of the leader and if the team reaches those targets then it is clear that performance is good otherwise not. Another way is taking the feedback from the team, either with the internal resources or external ones. If there is positive response from the team members, it means there are good expectations from the team and vice versa. 3.2 Evaluation of team performance against agreed objectives: (Diligent, 2009) thinks that it is not easy to be a leader in a team and evaluate a team performance. Being in a team and leading it is one of the most difficult works to do. If there is low morale in the team it does not always mean that team is performing well but leadership is weak. Team member work in negative fashion if they think they are not treated properly by the leader. In order to get out of situation like this, a top leader has to evaluate the team performance if anything has gone wrong. Tesco leaders are not rigid but there is a democratic culture within the organization and there has not been many cases of team members going to court in order to tell that they are mistreated. A leader should have one-on-one meetings with the member in order to get their suggestions, answer their questions and solve their problem, these things give them confidence and show them their importance. A leader should take care of team members by knowing their everyday life routines so that they feel that they are not just the machines but in reality a treated as a human being. A good leader puts trust in the team member after he gives them a job and if they are pressurized too much, they may not cooperate. LO4: Politics of personal interaction and influence of Leadership 4.1 Influencing and persuading methodologies to gain the commitment of individuals to a course of action: According to (Batumalai 2008) it is important for the leaders to ‘persuade the team members in order to get them involved in the decision making and improve the team-work. There are many ways of doing it as mentioned below: Deal people with positive attitude and they will respond positively. If the person is given a responsibility then he will be committed to it and will be consistent to it, so give them a responsibility. Presenting examples to the team member of the same ‘actions done by other can persuade them to do things. Tell them if any other company has done it, you can do it as well (Festinger, 1954). If the team members like the leader, they will listen to him and the qualities of a good leader include the liking capability as well. The workers should be given rewards on the accomplishment of any project or course of action and this motivates them to do more for the company. At Tesco team leaders are those workers who already have been in teams and know how to persuade people to work in a healthy environment. The techniques used in Litton are most effective ones in this regard where the top executives of the company used to sit on the same floor as the lower level employees. 4.2 Commitment of Individuals: Gains and Losses The Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) (Fagnani, 2006) describes that in order to give importance to the performance of an individual in a team and makes the things easy for the team-work, the knowledge of different ‘personality types is important and ‘Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is one way of doing it. The model has described four personality types: ‘extroverts/introverts, sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling and judging/perceiving. On the base of these results there are sixteen personality types discovered. There are many methods used in MBTI to determine the personality of the team member and what role he/she can play in the team. One way of doing it is ‘Indoor roping by using this technique, there are six ropes used, as they are put on the floor, as a personality test the team members are asked to stand in one of the ropes. At the end the completely different types of personalities will be in opposite sides of the ropes. Similarly another method used is ‘role playing in which members of the team are asked to fire other individual from the job. Some of them show sympathy towards that individual while other do it straight away, so a emotional situation arises. Lastly, ‘fun exercises are one way of doing it in which different individuals are given a specific task to do and one of the member helps them, this shows how two members of the same team can work together. (Thomas, 2008) describes the team building exercises and role playing at Tesco Hertfordshire in a case study and demonstrates the importance of fun games played in order to build teams and shows the enjoyment. Training staff and developing leaders (Thomas, 2010) describes the importance of giving training and producing leaders in the organizations around the world. In the difficult time of today there are so many companies cutting down on training but there is great need of doing it as seventy percent of companies are putting more money in training and team building. There should be more budget allocated for the training as it is important for company future. But there should be more precise approach in terms of training of employees than doing it as a practice in every field. There should be more focus on precise training and weight age should be given to the most preferred training and needed most. Company should focus on the laps of the skills of the employees and should try to train them in order to fill those gaps, in this way a lot of money can be saved on the training. For the development of leaders in the organization, existing leaders should work together with the trainers in order to give the coaching with the training. In the time of recession, the companies are trying to cut down on training in to get the short-term benefits but they forget the long-term payback of this investment. At Tesco every year around 7000 staff member get the training and another way of saving money for the company is that around ten thousand of the workforce change their jobs within the company which helps the company to make leaders and retain its workers who will be good loyal leader working with the company in the future. Conclusion In the assignment we discussed different issues ranging from importance of strategic performance measurement to the making of leaders. So it looks like the direction of the assignment was that how a company can make great leaders and get prosperous in the future. Any workers who joins the company is not a leader but just a worker who knows nothing how to become an influential part of the management. It is the performance measurement who guides the worker to become a good leader. The company we chose for the assignment also looks an ideal company in this regard.

death penalty Essay -- essays research papers

James Felner, author of â€Å"Mentally Retarded Don’t Belong on Death Row,† states that, â€Å"A person is considered mentally retarded if he or she has a significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning, which generally means recording an IQ score of lower than 70, and exhibiting deficits in adaptive behavior before the age of 18.† According to the American Association on Mental Retardation, it has three components: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  significantly sub-average intellectual function 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  accompanying impairments in the adaptive skills of the person 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  manifestation of the disability before the age of 18 How can Americans put someone on death row that is not fully responsible for his actions? Many argue that these people have committed horrible murders and are absolutely guilty of a capital crime; therefore they deserve the death penalty as the consequence of their crime. The people behind these arguments are wrong; it is a dreadful way to deal with people who do not understand the extent of their actions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Several cases have proven that convicted felons of below average mental capacity are not competent enough to argue their case effectively. According to Felner, in the united states alone, there have been at least 33 mentally ill men executed since the United States reinstated the death penalty in 1976. Some experts estimate that as many as 10-15 percent of the 3,000 men and w...

Three Possible Taiwan Futures Essay -- essays research papers

Taiwan’s past and present are inextricably linked to that of the People’s Republic of China. Therefore, one cannot begin to postulate and critically comment upon a possible â€Å"Taiwan future† without first assessing the prevailing political climate of her mainland cousin: the People’s Republic of China. Given the current rhetoric espoused by both Taipei and Beijing, one may argue that three possible â€Å"Taiwan futures† emerge as most likely to occur. These scenarios, from most to least probable, are: 1) peaceful reunification with the PRC; one country, two systems; 2) a referendum declaring Taiwan a sovereign state, independent of the PRC; and 3) reunification achieved via a PRC initiated military action. It is not insignificant that the Republic of China, Taiwan, and the People’s Republic of China, Communist Mainland China, have consistently and unequivocally asserted a sacrosanct principle regarding the state of Sino-Taiwanese relations: that there is only â€Å"one China.† Furthermore, in February 1972, the United States and the People’s Republic of China issued a joint communiquà © stating, â€Å"...the United States acknowledges that all Chinese on either side of the Taiwan Strait maintain there is but one China and that Taiwan is a part of China† (www.chinanews.org). Therefore, one may argue that the first and most likely scenario for a possible â€Å"Taiwan future† is â€Å"peaceful reunification; one country, two systems.† The foundation for â€Å"peaceful reunification; one country, two systems† was laid in January 1979 when the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China called for an end to military hostilities between the PRC and Taiwan. The Standing Committee asserted that in its quest for national reunification, the PRC â€Å"will respect the status quo on Taiwan and the views of people of all walks of life there and adopt reasonable policies and measures.† In September 1981, the Chairman of the NPC Standing Committee, Ye Jianying, reiterated this policy. Jianying avowed, â€Å"...after the country is reunified, Taiwan can enjoy a high degree of autonomy as a special administrative region† (www.chinanews.org). Furthermore, in January 1982, China’s paramount leader, Deng Xiaoping, remarked that in the event of national reunification the PRC would continue with its socialist system while Taiwan could maintain capit alism. In August of 1993, the S... ...of Taiwan in the event of a PRC invasion. One may argue that the People’s Republic of China is not yet ready to enter into a direct confrontation with the US. The second obstacle that precludes a PRC invasion of Taiwan is the absence of a littoral fleet capable of making a sustained assault on Taiwan. With the Taiwanese army firmly entrenched in the Pescadores and on the islands of Quemoy and Matsu, an amphibious assault on Taiwan would be akin to swallowing a â€Å"poison shrimp.† The third, and perhaps most important, obstacle that precludes a PRC invasion of Taiwan is stigma attached to the employment of nuclear weapons. It is highly unlikely that the PRC would be willing to use nuclear weapons against other Chinese. It is possible to envision three distinct â€Å"Taiwan futures†: 1) peaceful reunification with the PRC; one country, two systems; 2) a referendum declaring Taiwan a sovereign state, independent of the PRC; and 3) reunification achieved via a PRC initiated military action. However, until the political winds in Beijing change, it is unlikely that Taiwan’s current ambiguous status on the world stage will change. For the time being, Taiwan’s future remains cloudy and uncertain.

Dim Lighting Co. Essay

1. Problems Company is not in a position to spend the capital necessary to fund the project. The potential resignation of Robert Spinks if the project is not funded. If the project were to be funded, the extended time for development and the 30% chance that it might not be a success. 2. Causes Organizational culture is not consistent throughout all the departments. Accounting and manufacturing departments focus on increasing profits while R&D and marketing departments are open to new innovation and growth. Management is reactive rather than proactive. The company has not produced a new product in the past to capture the market. The history of Robert Spinks leaving companies due to the lack of creativity. 3. System affected The structural system is affected by not being encouraging towards innovation. The psychosocial system is affected by other departments being intimidated by Robert Spinks. Jim West is under pressure to improve profits. The technical system is affected because the technology of the Micro-miniaturization of lighting sources could bring about major  innovation. 4. Alternatives Ignore the concerns of the accounting and manufacturing departments and go ahead with the micro-miniaturization of lighting sources project. Discard the micro-miniaturization of lighting sources project and invest on the improvements of the current equipment. 5. Recommendations Invest capital on the new micro-miniaturization of light sources project. Although there is a considerable amount of time until the benefits can be reaped, such an innovation will be helpful to defeat the competition and capture the market. If Robert Spinks leaves the company and takes this technology to a competitor, Din Lighting Co. will be seriously affected.

Factors Influencing Conflicts In Schools Education Essay

THESIS PROPOSAL FOR THE MASTERS DEGREE IN EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIPIntroduction:Organizational psychologists start with the position that there is, or can be, a echt struggle between a human being and his or her occupation of work, between the satisfaction of the demands of the single worker, and the demands of the using organisation. However, some common land between them is that: people have demands and, accordingly, motivations for making things. These demands and motivations, hence, do impact peoples behavior, and their behaviour c an be explained, ( Chris, A. ) . There can be conflict between the ends of the organisations and the ends of people working for those organisations. The manner to avoid such struggles in pattern is non by offering payoffs and sweetenings to the workers, nor is it by offering them monolithic public assistance plans, but is by altering the really construction and ends of the organisation to suit peoples personal ends, ( Chris, A. , in Kooontz, H. and C. O'Donnel, 1976 ) . While other minds suggest that, the best type of organisation is one which succeeds best in accomplishing the adjustment of peoples personal ends by advancing worker engagement in determination devising, enabling workers to carry through themselves and utilize a broad assortment of endowments, direction by aims instead than by authorization, and eventually, good communicating and expressive supervising. Schools as organisations are said to be influenced by a combination of factors and have their ain organisational civilization of alteration and development, ( Mbiti, D.M.,1974 ) .In most instances, school development implies the direction of planned alteration. These alterations may at times be consistent or non consistent with the organisational civilization, ( ) .Unplanned alterations are no more than accidents, ( ) . An effort to redesign a school organisational civilization in the manner that will accommodate to the alterations within and in the external environment or to efficaciously accomplish the ends sometimes result into struggles, Mosha, H. ( 1994 ) .This may be caused by displacements in the involvement and perceptual experiences of the organisation members, fright of alteration, self involvement, perceptual experience of the organisation ends schemes by instructors or long for ‘good old yearss ‘ . The school direction has to get the better of these factors if it is to carry through the planned alteration.`BACKGROUND TO THE PROBLEMSchools have traditionally been expected to learn kids academic accomplishments. The school has the duty to develop in each kid a favorable attitude towards learning.Schools are besides topographic points where pupils interact with one another, their instructors and educational decision makers. Many pedagogues believe that pupil behavior affects academic accomplishment ( Boothe, Bradley, Flick, Keough, and Kirk,1993 ) . Traditional disciplinary patterns include assorted signifiers of penalty based on the premise that if negative behaviors are eliminated, the schoolroom clime will be contributing for acquisition, ( Canter & A ; Canter, 1992 ) . Critics of traditional disciplinary patterns believe that the accent on penalty â€Å" thwarts development of pupil duty, leading, independency and mutuality † ( Dreyfuss,1990, in Mahduri Pendharkar,1995 ) . Tanzania like any other developing states is at the head to do socio economic transmutations to accomplish some laid down rules in the Millenium Development Goals ( MDGs ) . Some major transmutations have been directed towards bettering the direction and public presentation of educational establishments including more enrolment in both primary and secondary schools, and prioritising misss instruction, ( TDREG 1989 ) .The period between 2000 t0 2005 have showed an increased school registration. This has besides impacted on enlisting of more instructors and increased authorities outgo in instruction, ( BEST 2005 ) . While improved public presentation in instruction is expected, developing for direction is often neglected. The impact has reflected on often and repeated struggles in schools attesting in boycott, public violence, bead outs, every bit good as dislocation of managerial capacities and answerability in some schools. Whereas, struggle declaration accomplishments for instructors or pupils in most schools is non emphasized. In most schools in Tanzania there are discipline Masterss, Patrons and Matrons whose traditional function is to stamp down negative behaviors of pupils. Some of them were appointed on the footing of certain personal properties instead than the needed accomplishments. Most of them lack conflict direction accomplishments. As a consequence pupils hate them. This is impacted by deficiency of struggle declaration accomplishments in schools. The accent is on stiff regulations and subject. Lyons and Hathering ( 1992 ) pointed out that, organisation wellness is characterized by high degrees of trust, low struggle and clash, regard for differences, personal freedom and single liberty in forms of supervising and control. Conflict in schools need to be decently managed in order to make a healthy organisational clime that is so of import for effectual acquisition and public presentation of duties. Mosha, H.J. ( 1994 ) stressed that, some struggles in higher acquisition establishments occur due to miss of proper diagnosing taking to crisis. Conflicts in schools are either non understood or non managed decently. Burton ( 1969 ) suggested for struggle direction which include disincentive schemes aimed at avoiding escalation of struggle while keeping control without giving manner. Burton farther suggested that if struggle physiques towards crisis successful direction should be able to turn the conflicting forces towards a constructive instead than a destructive way. However, instructors developing plans in Tanzania have non provided for greater flexibleness for instructors to pull off struggles other than going martinets. Mismanagement of struggles in schools has resulted into increased authorities intercession taking to closing of schools and increased outgo. Meanwhile, effectual instruction and acquisition plans are ever impaired taking to farther crisis in schools and the authorities in general. The state of affairs besides creates burn out to some instructors to alter their calling.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:The intent of this survey is to look into on the factors act uponing struggles in schools in Tanzania. Several struggles have been reported to hold annihilating impacts. There are often and repeated struggles in most schools in Tanzania. The scientific account about the nature of these struggles is non good established neither documented. It has besides been reported that those struggles involve school decision makers and instructors, instructors and pupils, pupils and the school disposal, every bit good as pupils themselves. At some degrees struggles escalate to affect the external school envir onment. The impacts of these struggles have resulted into loss of lives of some pupils, demolished school edifices, public violences, boycott and increased belligerencies in the workplace, deficiency of contributing learning larning environment, dismissal and suspension of pupils, decision makers and instructors. This survey hence, is an effort to look into on the nature of struggles in schools, and perchance come up with the existent account as to why they often occur, every bit good to set up attacks that can be applied to harmonise the state of affairs.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:( a ) . To place the nature of struggles in public secondary schools in Tanzania. ( B ) . To set up agencies to minimise struggles in schools. ( degree Celsius ) . To lend and widen cognition and accomplishments in struggle direction for schools instructors and decision makers. ( vitamin D ) . To act upon the authorities policy in instruction, struggle direction is an built-in portion of the modern-day school environment.RESEARCH QUESTIONS/HYPOTHESES:Significance OF THE STUDY:This survey is intended to be wide spectrum in nature. It is expected to come up with possible account of the beginnings of struggles in schools as acquisition and work topographic points in Tanzania. It will besides set up possible preventative struggle direction attacks that are so indispensable and could be applied in deciding struggles which arise in the school environment. Whereas, the survey is expected to lend the coevals of new penetrations, cognition and accomplishments in direction in general, and organize a baseline for school decision makers, directors, instructors and pupils to reflect on during state of affairss of jobs taking to struggles. This survey is possibly the innovator one every bit far as conflict direction in schools is concerned. It is expected to act upon the policy of the authorities. Conflicts in the modern-day school environment are going portion and package of the entire instruction system. Finally, the survey will impact on other broader dimensions of the societal systems in Tanzania.LITERATURE REVIEW:This subdivision reviews and examines briefly some literature on relevant scholarly work. Mosha, H.J. ( 1994 ) describes struggle as an synergistic opposing behaviour between two or more people, organisations or systems over incompatible ends, involvements, scarce resources, values, belief system, power and prestigiousness, nature of relationship every bit good as public presentation. He farther states that, struggles behaviours may run from rational jostle or malicious chitchat all the manner to utilize of physical force to do devastation of belongings or physical hurt. Mosha, ( 1994 ) further suggests that struggles are built-in portion of any societal system they need to be decently managed in order to make a healthy organisational clime that is so of import for effectual public presentation of duties. Whereas, Lyons and Hatherly, ( 1992 ) remark on organisational wellness that is the province in establishments characterized by by and large high degrees of trust, low struggle and single liberty in forms of supervising and control. Lyons and Hatherly farther insist that in wellness organisations relationships are honest, there is high grade of trust, hapless public presentation is confronted and joint solutions sought. Peoples feel free to signal jobs and take part in happening solutions. Murphy and Saal ( 1990 ) in Mosha, ( 1994 ) stated that struggle direction is a procedure of going aware of existent or possible struggle, naming its nature and range and using appropriate methodological analysis to spread the emotional energy involved and enable challenging parties to understand and decide their differences. While, Burton ( 1969 ) adds on struggle direction that include disincentive schemes aimed at avoiding escalation of struggle while keeping control without giving manner. Harmonizing to Gray and Starke ( 1990 ) traditionalists conceived struggle as being per se bad. Under this school of thought members of the organisation who caused the struggle were regarded as emotionally disturbed, otherwise they should non hold caused the struggle. Therefore, to extinguish the struggle and thereby work out the job it was necessary to fire or acquire psychiatric aid for the responsible employees ( Jandt and Gillettee,1985 ) . The modern theoreticians harmonizing to ( Gray and Starke,1990 ) in Mosha, ( 1994 ) argue that organisational struggle is neither good nor bad per Se, and that it is inevitable. Conflict is inevitable and non needfully harmful. Indeed, they continue to reason that you can non hold an organisation, community or society that is free from struggle. However, Mosha, H.J. ( 1979:169 ) argues that competency should be the major standard for engagement as educational jobs have branchings that require attending and specialised aid is utile in mobilising needed cognition and judgement. At another graduated table of looking at leading manners, Bennis, W.G. , ( 1989 ) was of the position that the challenges facing organisational leaders are dashing even to the most audacious. Bennis farther remarks that organisational restructuring has bulldozed off much worker morale and trueness, along with many degrees of direction and 1000s of occupations. The disentangled bonds between workers and organisations have increased worker alienation and raised turnover. Bennis, W.G. ( 1989 ) farther commented on accomplishing manners, civilizations, values, wagess and discontinuities that organisations have their particular achieving manners, manners that their civilizations, consciously or unconsciously instill in their members. That is, organisations characteristically reward certain sorts of accomplishing behaviour and punish or disregard other sorts. Organizational civilization both comfort and command its members. It comforts them by bring forthing a familiar context for organisational life and offering rank to those who conform. At the same clip, organisational civilization controls members by compressing the scope of behaviors and attitudes that are valued and rewarded. Furthermore, Max Weber ( 1864-1920 ) examined the organisation and came up with the sentiment that the term organisation meant the ordination of societal relationships, the care of which certain persons took upon themselves as a particular undertaking. Weber, farther maintains that the presence of a leader and an administrative staff was a feature of an organisation, which in fact was them who preserved the organisation. Hence, basic to Weber ‘s thoughts was the impression that human behaviour is regulated by regulations. The being of a distinguishable set of regulations was inexplicit in the construct of organisation. On direction, Henry Fayol ( 1916 ) stated that to pull off is to calculate and be after to form, to command and to coordinate and to command. While G.A. Cole ( 1994 ) proposed a on the job definition for strategic direction as a procedure directed by top direction to find the cardinal purposes or ends of the organisation and guarantee a scope of determinations which will let for the accomplishment of those purposes or ends in the long-run whilst supplying for adaptative responses in the short term. The above implies that, if the direction is non successful in covering with oppositions to alter and if it still wishes to alter and continues to implement the alteration plan, struggle will finally originate, Mosha, ( 1994 ) . Whereas, Ekval, G. ( 1993 ) cautioned that where counter groups, divisions and cantonments exist the work clime is bound to be hapless.

Introduction to Research Methods and Blended Learning

This is the 2nd out of three studies the writer aims to compose approximately blended acquisition. The first paper introduced readers to intermix acquisition. He discussed what blended truly was and the grounds why pedagogues prefer to incorporate blended larning into their instruction. He besides outlined the range, restrictions and targeted user of the research. Two articles were besides analyzed by the writer. The first article was written by Norm Vaughan, of the Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education ( AACE ) Chesapeake, VA, for the International Journal on E-Learning on the Positions on Blended Learning in Higher Education. In the article he discussed the benefits and restrictions of blended acquisition in establishments of higher instruction from the position of those who had experience with this method of acquisition. The 2nd article was written by the Oxford Centre for Staff and Learning Development at Oxford Brookes University for the Higher Education Academy. The purpose of the survey was to reexamine bing research and pattern on blended acquisition, place cardinal surveies and issues, and do recommendations to steer future policies, patterns and research. The writer concluded the paper by bespeaking that he felt blended acquisition is the natural development of e-learning. In this study, the writer aims to carry on a literature reappraisal on blended acquisition. The writer would farther explicate what blended acquisition is. He would sketch the assorted degrees of blended learning.The advantages and disadvantages of blended acquisition would besides be discussed in this paper. The writer would so seek to reply the chief research inquiry, which is, how does Blended Learning aid in current instruction system? The writer besides aims to happen out if blended acquisition is really better than the traditional face to confront signifier of acquisition. The writer would stop by giving his ain positions on blended acquisition.2.0 Blended LearningBlended Learning involves the integrating or blending of larning plans in assorted formats to accomplish a common end. Blended larning plans normally consists of a combination of talk suites and on-line plans. Blended acquisition could besides be defined as the merger of traditional face to face and on-line larning st rategies to maximise the effectivity of preparation plans. In blended acquisition, the preparation plan is broken down into faculties and the most suited bringing methods are selected for each and tailored to single demands. The chief purpose is to take advantage of the best characteristics of each method. An array of media may be used, runing from traditional workshops, classroom-based instruction, books and other support stuffs, computer-based preparation and CD-ROMs.2.1 Brief history of Blended acquisitionAlthough the term blended larning merely gained popularity in the past few old ages, it has been utilized for decennaries by pedagogues and organisations at every degree. In the pure sense of the term, blended larning fundamentally means using more than one larning attack to educate pupils. Recently blended acquisition has been viewed as the mixture of traditional face to confront larning and engineering, utilizing whatever was popular at the clip. This could include everything from reckoners to telecastings sets to personal computing machines and the Internet with both it advantages or disadvantages. During the class of the last 15 old ages blended acquisition has evolved significantly. Both the figure of pedagogues learning blended course of studies and the many different sorts of blends being used are a testament to the feasibleness of these types of plans.2.2 Degrees of Blended LearningBlended acquisition occurs at a assortment of different degrees. All of the signifiers Blended Learning occur at one of the undermentioned four different degrees ; aˆ? Activity degree aˆ? Course degree aˆ? Program degree. aˆ? Institutional degree.Activity Level Blending.Blending at the this degree occurs when a acquisition activity contains both face-to-face ( F2F ) and computing machine mediated ( CM ) elements.Course Level Blending.Course degree blending is one of the most popular ways to intermix. It consists of a combination of the traditional face to face ( F2F ) and computing machine mediated ( CM ) activities used as portion of a class.Program Level Blending.Blending at a plan degree frequently involves a theoretical account in which the participants choose a mix between face to face ( F2F ) classs and on-line classs or one in which the combination between the two is prescribed by the plan.Institutional Level Blending.Some educational establishments and organisations have made a committedness to intermixing face-to-face ( F2F ) and computing machine mediated ( CM ) direction. The University of Phoenix has an institutional theoretical account for intermixing where pupils have F2F categories at the beginning and terminal of the class with on-line activities in between. ( C. Graham and B. Young, 2004 ) .2.3 Advantages of Blended LearningBlended acquisition has several advantages over other signifiers of larning. Past surveies and articles on blended acquisition has revealed that pacing and attending is an advantage of blended acquisition. In most blended acquisition schoolrooms, there is the ability to larn whenever the pupil decides to make so. If a pupil is absent from a lesson, he or she may see some of the lost talk stuffs at the same clip that the remainder of the category does, despite the fact that the pupil ‘s non physically present in the category room. This ensures that pupils who might hold one ground or the other that prevents them from attended talks on a regular basis can still be on the same page as all the other pupils in the category. This larning attack besides ensures that pupils can see learning stuffs at any clip they decide to, in instance they want to revisit what they have been taught or merely travel on to future subjects, for those who learn at a faster gait. ( Alvarez, 2005 ) Another advantage of blended acquisition is the fact that it maximizes the effectivity of larning. Most pupils indicate that the schoolroom can be a dull and deadening topographic point to larn sometimes, the integrating of blended acquisition into the system adds a originative dimension to the uninteresting acquisition environment. Past surveies have besides reveled that this learning attack encourages and improves teacher-learner interaction. Furthermore, online acquisition enables pupils from different geographical locations to acquire choice instruction they usually would non hold entree to. . ( Elearning2day.com ) . it ‘s ability to back up and heighten meaningful educational experiences every bit good as to supply a cost and resource effectual methodological analysis has besides made it peculiarly appealing to a assortment of organisations and educational establishments. ( Garrison and Kanuka, 2004 )2.4 Disadvantages of Blended LearningSurveies at the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee ( Garnham & A ; Kaleta, 2002 ) and University of Central Florida ( Dziuban & A ; Moskal, 2001 ) indicated that pupils encountered a figure of issues with blended classs. Duty for acquisition was one of the major jobs pupils encountered with blended classs. Freshmen undergraduate, who are still used still used to the traditional face to confront larning attack find it hard to accommodate their perusal and larning wonts to accommodate on-line learning.Although, with clip they become used to the thought of being responsible for their ain acquisition, it is still a job they face in the initial phases. Time committedness was another challenge identified by most module. They claimed that the planning and development of a big registration blended class take much more clip to develop, when compared with clip taken to develop a similar class in the traditional format.Faculty, at the University of Central Florida, indicated that a class with on-line constituents requires a batch more clip in both the development and hebdomadal administrative undertakings than a similar class delivered in the traditional face to confront format. ( Dziuban & A ; Moskal,2001 )3.0 How does Blended Learning aid in current instruction system?Before get downing the research, the writer had a few inquiries which he wanted answered by the terminal of the research. The chief inquiry was how does Blended Learning aid in current instruction system? The writer aimed to calculate out how blended acquisition fitted into today ‘s higher instruction system and understand the positions and perceptual experiences of persons towards the integrating of blended larning into higher instruction. A research was conducted by Curtis J. Bonk, Kyong-Jee Kim from Indiana University, USA and Tingting Zeng from Warwick University, UK.The purpose of their survey was to research the current position and future waies of on-line instruction in higher instruction scenes. The study participants included university teachers who were members of MERLOT, a higher instruction assosciation, dwelling of university professors, instructional applied scientists and decision makers who portion and peer measure their web stuff s and resources. The survey-questionnaire consisted of 42 inquiries chiefly related to the hereafter of blended acquisition in higher instruction. Merely 562 study were completed out of the 12,000 study petitions sent.65 % of the participants in the higher instruction study were talks or professors,28 % were university decision makers or proficient support forces, while the staying participants were educational advisers. Consequences from the study indicated that a majority,93 % to be specific, of the participants indicated that they presently incorporating intermixing into their instruction approach.The writers claimed that the results of the this consequence came as no surprise to them. The consequence besides shows that the respondents expected a rise in their usage of blended acquisition attacks in the coming old ages. 40 % of the participants predicted that 21-40 % of their classs would be blended by the twelvemonth 2006 and another 37 per centum expected this to be higher than 40 per centum. And surprisingly 7 in 10 participants claimed that they will offer more than 40 % of their classs in a blended format, by the twelvemonth 2013 An article titled the Positions on Blended Learning in Higher Education by Norm Vaughan of the Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education ( AACE ) Chesapeake, VA, which the writer discussed about in his last paper outlined that most module in establishments of higher instruction suggest that blended classs stimulate teacher-student interaction, increased battle in acquisition and that it added an component of creativeness to the sometimes uninteresting traditional acquisition environment. In the writer ‘s sentiment, blended acquisition has had and is holding a positive impact in today ‘s educational system. The consequences gathered from the study discussed above, indicates that 93 per centum of the persons that responded, are already utilizing blended acquisition in their instruction. This means that most persons and higher establishments have already noticed the effectivity of blended acquisition and see it as the best manner to educate people. The writer feels satisfied with these findings and can reason that blended acquisition has contributed positively to the manner persons are being educated today, he besides feels that similarities in the consequences between the different articles read indicates that blended acquisition is proliferating across establishments of higher instruction and this tendency will go on to increase.4.0 Is blended larning better than face to confront acquisition?Another inquiry which the writer wanted answered before the terminal of his research was if blended acquisition was more effectual than the traditional face to confront manner of acquisition. An article titled â€Å" Blended Learning † More Effective than Face-to-Face was written by Katie Ash for Education Week Digital Directions, she stated that a study was released on June 26, 2009 by the United States of America ‘s Department of Education. She claimed the study examined several studies,46 to be precise, comparing the traditional face to confront signifier of larning with on-line acquisition and concluded that blended acquisition, or larning methods that implement elements of both the traditional face to face and online acquisition, is reasonably more effectual than either attack by itself. The writers besides discovered that blended acquisition was more effectual at increasing pupil accomplishment degree than the traditional face to confront larning attack. The writer steadfastly disagrees with the decision reached by the US section of instruction. He feels that although blended acquisition has many advantages, there is non adequate grounds to reason that blended acquisition is better than the traditional face to confront acquisition. The writer searched and was unable to happen any other article, book or diary that came to the same decision as the US section of instruction. In add-on, the study from the US section of instruction stated that although the types of research designs used by the surveies in the analysis were strong, many of the surveies suffered from assorted failings such as failure to describe keeping rates for pupils in the conditions being contrasted, little sample sizes, and possible unfairness due to the fact that the writers served as both teachers and experimenters.5.0 DecisionIt is apparent that blended larning holds great promise for pedagogues. Quality and effectual preparation will no longer be confined to the w alls of a category room While intermixing can be extremely effectual and efficient manner of preparation, it is of import to retrieve that a successful acquisition experience requires high quality in all facets of the instructional system schoolroom interaction. At the terminal of this study, the writer can reason that although blended acquisition has legion advantages over other signifiers of acquisition, it still is non superior to the traditional face to confront acquisition. Besides, the writer has been able to understand how blended acquisition helps in the current educational system and can reason that blended acquisition has revolutionized the manner people are educated today.

History and Memory Essay Essay

Analyze the ways history and memory generate compelling and unexpected insights Representing an ‘absolute truth’ is impossible. Inherent human bias affects both history and memory. We unintentionally falsify parts of the past in order to emphasise the nature of past events we find central to our individual beliefs. Therefore we are challenged with obvious limitations in representing the ‘truth’. The interplay of history and memory however, leads to a rather satiable and tangible level of truth. Nonetheless, it is yet to be seen that this satisfiable level of truth will be riddled with bias as it is human nature to have an opinion/perspective that makes reconciling (accepting) memory and history a great challenge. Ultimately, this satiable level of truth creates compelling and unexpected insights into the past as assumptions that have previously been thought as true and views can change when face with uncertainty (or challenged by evidence). Mark Baker’s biographical novel The Fiftieth Gate highlights his confrontation with the terror of his parents’ childhood. Similarly, ‘Big Fish’ composed by Tim Burton which explores the strained relationship between a father and son both express the ways both history and memory generate compelling and unexpected insights. Individual’s often feel compelled to an empirical representation of past events, this is evident as Mark Baker, a man who predominately believes in precision and order which is conveyed as he â€Å"collects his memories in colour coded photo albums† so it is obvious that he has an assumption that History unlocks the past and contains all the answers in his search for the absolute truth. Furthermore, the confession that Mark â€Å"believed the soviet records more than his own mother† which was hard for the composer to accept, due to the fact that Mark feels compelled to believe the empirical representation of events rat her than the figurative/ emotional representation of the truth and therefore creates an unexpected insight into what Mark originally thought was a sterile representation of the truth. Similarly, Big Fish also expresses this viewpoint as the protagonist ‘William Bloom’ â€Å"wants to know the true version of things†. The dialogue previously mentioned articulates the need for a  factual/verified account of truth in which William demands of his father, a man who William feels he doesn’t â€Å"know about as he hasn’t said a single fact†. Consequently, the thirst William has for knowledge that is definite and unrefutable, leads him to be compelled when he finally understands the man his father is. Therefore, the often unexpected insights challenge individual notions of representing truth and not just verify what happened. However, the figurative representation can be more powerful that the facts alone. This is particularly apparent throughout this biographical novel with the expression â€Å"It always begins in darkness, until the first light illuminates a hidden fragment of memory†. The chiaroscuro represented in this quote communicates the idea that memory is stored away until a physiological trigger releases the fragment of memory which is imparted as Yossl (Mark’s father) walks throughout the Jewish Graveyard reliving the memories of his childhood with his deceased friends. Ultimately, this creates a compelling and unexpected insight as the majority of people visit the graveyard to commemorate and mourn the death of their beloved. Additionally, Big Fish also supports this statement as the need for figurative representation far outweighs the need for an empirical one. The statement â€Å"All the facts but, none of the flavour† represents the notion of embellishing the truth to provide not only a moralistic and emotive perspective but one of entertainment also. The figuratively, compelling insight of representation entertains the individual and therefore may render this representation more powerful than an empirical one. Consequently, the figurative can sometimes capture and compel the individual more than the verified facts alone. Lastly, reconciling an empirical representation with the figurative can piece together a satiable level of truth. â€Å"I was searching for her history in order to vindicate her stories† indicates the desperate ne ed that Mark Baker had to reconcile his mother’s memory through the use of history. The movie Big Fish supports this view through the use of dialogue. â€Å"They have two completely different personalities but the same set of legs† ironically can be expressed as a personification of both history and memory. The dialogue creates a compelling and unexpected insight as it conveys that history and memory are both created from humans; however they are seen to be completely different in the respect that history is factual and evidence based while is personal and often emotive. The  combination of the two interplay in Despite human nature’s imperfections in representing an ‘absolute truth’, when we accept the limitations and reconcile the subjective and objective perspectives a satiable level of truth is achievable.

Audience Analysis Essay

Communication is one of the most important skills that an individual can possess when presenting to a group of people. The audience should always be focal point of the presenter as communication is an important foundation and can often determine the success or failure of a message being received. When communication is done properly it can build respect and trust between groups and help identity the issues at hand. The presenter must have a good understanding of the audience’s culture in order to effectively communicate with the group. In this assignment I have been asked to present quarterly sales information in an in-person meeting to a group of stakeholders that includes managers, salespeople, and customers. I have been asked to answer a number of different questions before I present my information to the audience. The following questions will be answered in this paper. 1.What are audience characteristics you need to consider?2.What communication channels would be appropriate and why?3.What are some considerations that you must keep in mind given the diversity of the audience?4.What would you do to ensure that your message is effective?Before you can prepare a presentation you must consider the characteristics of your audience. I know that my audience consists of managers, salespeople, and customers of this particular organization. Because I have identified my audience I now have a better understanding of the audience’s knowledge of the subject. I also understand their interest in the subject; I understand that the different groups of individuals may only be interested in certain results of the quarterly sales information that is being presented. Managers and salespeople may have different subject knowledge than the customers. I will needs to address the different needs of all parties in attendance. I will have to customize certain parts of my presentation in order to address the specific needs of each group within the audience. I will also need to understand what the audience is expecting to learn from my presentation. I should be able to meet and exceed their expectations and the audience should walk away with their questions answered and explained as well as have a better understanding of the quarterly sales information that was presented to them. Because this is an in-person meeting certain communication channels are more appropriate than others. Power-point presentations would be an appropriate method of communication between the presenter and the audience. This is an effective method because it not only allows the presenter to discuss the statistics; but will also allow the present to show the audience the statistics in detail and all together as a group. Printed handouts or documents are another method of communication that would be considered appropriate in an in-person meeting. This method allows the audience to take part in reading the information provided and also gives them something to take with them from the meeting for future reference. Because the majority of the information is being presented orally, the presenter must consider their own body language and speech effectiveness to the audience. Body language and speech are both very important as the audience will be feeding off of the enthusiasm of the presenter. If the presenter gets the attention of their audience it is important to keep it in order to effectively communicate the information. Because there is diversity in the audience certain considerations must be kept in mind when presenting quarterly sales information. Each group will have different levels of interest in the information being presented. The customers will probably not have the same level of interest in certain aspects of the presentation as the managers and salespeople. Another consideration that the presenter must keep in mind is the information that is being communicated to the group. There is a certain amount of statistical data that the organization might not want all the members of the audience to know about. This information might be better presented in a manager’s only meeting. Other considerations that a presenter may want to keep in mind given the diversity of the audience is the average age, gender, culture background, education, economic status, and group memberships of the attending audience. These considerations individually may not have a big impact on the methods of communication chosen by the presenter, but together will allow the presenter to understand the diversity of the audience to which the information is being communicated. To ensure that the presentation is a success and the information is received effectively I would make sure that I have a concrete agenda and use it. I would also make sure that I interact with the audience, for example when presenting the sales data I might ask the audience if anyone has any suggestions to help increase the sales in a particular area. I would ask some open-ended questions to help encourage audience participation. I would also ask the audience to participate in constructive group discussions and would frequently check for group consensus on particular issues and decisions. At the end of the meeting I would survey the group through E-mail, fax, letter to ensure that the information that was presented was received and understood. I would also make myself available to answer any questions that may need clarification on an individual level. References Locker, K., & Kienzer, D. (2008). Business and Administrative Communication (8th edition). McGraw-Hill, 2008 New York, NY. Retrieved from the University of Phoenix web-site. Payne, B. (2008). Effective group Communication. Retrieved on April 24, 2009 from the world wide web at: http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/DPI/nreninf.nsf/childdocs/-C835B1CE4BC7F1D04A2568B30004FC37-4FEBC5DEBF535AC1CA256BC8000410EB-5D3323C8EDE7C7EB4A256DEA00294D0A-B59DCFB30DB614C3CA256BCF000AD4E0?openPearson, Allyn & Bacon (1995-2009). Demographic Characteristics of Your Audience. Retrieved on April 24, 2009 from the world wide web at: http://wps.ablongman.com/ab_public_speaking_2/24/6223/1593259.cw/index.html . Copyright  © 1995 – 2009, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Allyn & Bacon. McGee, J. Important Characteristics of your Audience. Writing and Designing Print Materials for Beneficiaries: A Guide for State Medicaid Agencies. Health Care Financing Administration, Baltimore, MD. HCFA Publication Number 10145. October 1999, page 66, and the Plain English Network Web site at http://www.plainlanguage.gov. Retrieved from the world wide web on April 26, 2009 at: http://www.talkingquality.gov/docs/section3/popups/characteristics_pop.htm