What is Crime?

The Oxford English dictionary restricts abhorrence as an coiffe punishable by law, as being forbidden by statute or injurious to the public welf be, an evil act an offence, a sin, -an act can only be considered a law-breaking when identified as such(prenominal) by law. An act was delimitate a disgust in the old testament with the creation of the ten-spot Commandments. This was when it was literally set into stone that numerous acts became a execration against God, the first rules of the world.Crimes are outright defined as crimes with the help of the legal system and certain pieces of legislature and cannot always necessarily be traced grit to the Ten Commandments. Crime now has abundant descriptions, the well-nigh obvious being crime as sorry law violation. The Hg World replete(p) Legal Directories website delineates poisonous law as encompassing, the rules and statutes scripted by relation and state legislators dealing with any culpable activity that causes harm to the general public, with penalties. Therefore to violate criminal law, the one-on-one would be engaging in doings that is prohibited by the criminal law. However it has tardily establish extremely difficult to determine what is now perceived as a crime.Crime has no world(a) or objective existence but is relative to the subjective contingencies of social and historical circumstance, this is crime as historical intervention. For example, causing death of another individual, whether by neglect or with full intention is a crime, however it is almost justifiable and on legion(predicate) occasions heroic when practised in warfare. This is reiterated with the late(a) poaching ban, poaching only became criminalised through the convergence of new class and power interests in the eighteenth Century. James Treadwell argues this point as a criminologist and indicates that specific acts that were once socially acceptable are now becoming criminalised, crime is not static or fixed, it co nstantly changes.Things that once were not criminalised become so, such as paedophiles grooming dupes on the internet. . .similarly, activities, which were illegal, may become legal, such as consenting homosexual behaviour between men. These arguments make it hard to define what crime is as the rules of crime are ever-changing. The BBC publish an online article that illustrates the extent to which crime is uneasily defined, a hundred years ago you could buy opium and cocain over the counter at Harrods. Acts which are perfectly legal here may be sound crimes in other countries and vice versa. To help us lowstand what makes a crime a crime, Cesare Lombroso, an Italian criminologist introduced to the idea of positivism, the social reaction to classicism.Classicism is the theory that the punishment for a crime should reflect the severity of express crime. This opinion was developed during the transition from feudalism to capitalism and is a strong seer that each individual choo ses whether to commit a crime or not as every person is raised in fiat that outlines the difference between right and vilify. The criticism for this concept is argued that at what age do you become criminally responsible, for example the horrific act of the 2 young boys that committed a severe crime when kidnapping and torturing Jamie Bulger.The boys were eleven at the metre, therefore as children they unfortunately served half the result of time that an adult would have if they had committed this crime due to the legal system believing they were not fully responsible as they had been raised in broken homes. The contrasting theory to this is that of Positivism, the scientific approach to crime. This concept developed by Lombroso attempts to look at the genetic or biological explanation for a criminal gene. This concept is harshly criticised as many members of the public deem this as treating criminality as an illness.Lombroso make a book in which he makes sever references to the concept of positivism and argues that lot are impairment to fear that, positivism encourages communistic ideas and even worse criminal behaviour. This became the birth of criminology. Treadwell questiones Lombrosos rifle and informs us that his work is still being studied to the modern day, Lombrosos work could be laid under the heading of biological criminology, investigations of the causes of criminality using more sophisticated research methods. . .have continued to be developed in the twentieth century.Tim Newburn wrote that Edwin Sutherland defined criminology as, the study of the making of laws, the breaking of laws, and of societys reaction to the breaking of laws. Crime can as well as be defined as social harm. For example, we assume the question are tobacco companies selling harmful products that are in turn, effectively killing us, murderers. Is this a crime? This is known as the crime of violation to human rights, therefore a further definition could be health and safety issues in the workplace. This is reiterated when we discuss white collar crime.We struggle to define crime as crime is an actthat breaches the criminal law, however many of the people we put in charge of running our countries or deciding these criminal laws are in detail themselves committing crimes. If this is so, why are these crimes socially acceptable? The offences of these crimes tend to be invisible or painfully difficult to trace. They are much committed by persons of high social status and respectability therefore they find it easier to evade persecution. snowy collar crime is often broken down into, embezzlement, breaches of health and safety and environmental crimes. Bhopal was identified as one of the worst industrial accidents this world had witnessed.The 1984 incident that killed 8000 people instantly and injuring a further two hundred000 was believed an accident due to the lethal gases leaking from Union Carbides pesticide factory. For 20 years after thi s tragedy, an estimated 30 people a month were believed to have died from lung disease, brain damage, cancer, all linking to the gas leak of 1984. This accident was contested in court yet the people involved have yet to receive a settlement pay and not one person was held responsible for this mass homicide. Newburn records Bhopal as a crime and a study industrial disaster in his book as he files it under the heading, environmental crime. This helps us to define crime as a class issue due to crimes of the powerful having greater authorization to cause more harm than crimes of the less powerful.Newburn furthermore analyses hidden crimes inside criminology, Criminology has been regularly, roundly and rightly criticised for this immersion a concern with the crimes of the powerless rather than the powerful, with the crimes of the streets rather than the crimes of the suites. The Marxist concept of this is crime as an ideologic censure, that acts would only be defined a crime when in the interest of the ruling classes at that period of time. These crimes remain hidden for various reasons. The diffusion of responsibility means that is extremely difficult to legally and chastely identify a persecutor, secondly a lot of the crimes the general public hear about are in the media and corporate crime simply does not sell. Media coverage creates moral panic and fear of crime.To define crime we often look to the media to decipher their reaction on a specific incident. However, although crime consumes an enormous amount of media space as both entertainment and news, concepts of crime are mediated by profit margins. Due to only crimes that are considered to grasp the attention of the generalpublic being reported, this effects what we as an individual define as a crime. Treadwell argues that, most media institutions seek to attract as wide an audience as possible to maximise their profits. . .to attract and retain audiences media products have to entertain, be dramatic or exciting, and sometimes cause outright shock. Therefore as crime is seemingly a pitiful aspect of our life this would seem the most appropriate topic to cover.Treadwell labels this concept, newsworthiness. He goes on to discuss that, Today, crime stories are increasingly selected and produced as media events on the basis of their visual . . . as well as their lexical-verbal . . . potential. There is a vivid and highly complex relationship between the media and the criminal umpire system. A further more obvious way in which we can define crime is by the Home Office statistics. The Home Office websites defines themselves as, the lead government department for immigration and passports, drugs policy, crime, counter-terrorism and legal philosophy. The two main methods of collecting the criminal data that feature in the Home Office are victim surveys and statistics recorded by the police force. However, only particular offences, serious crimes are reported by the police to the Home Of fice statistics, not the summary offences that are heard in the Courts.Police are also under the instruction to record every allegation they hear and many police officers do not believe a number of allegations or there may be a lack of evidence and many times the victims decide to not press charges therefore they see it unfit to record it as a crime. Furthermore a crime is only a crime when officially recorded and since most victims do not report crimes there is a dark figure of crime that remains unknown. The reasons to why victims fail to report their crimes can be broken down into three categories embarrassment, unworthiness and failure to realise. If a victim has been sexually abused or raped they may fail to report this as they may be overwhelmed with a feeling of embarrassment or in certain religious cultures it may puzzle shame upon a family.Some victims also feel the nature of their crime isnt worthy of police time, such as rowdy neighbours or petty theft. Finally, if a per son is a victim of identity theft, nightclub times out of ten they fail to realise and therefore have nothing to report. In conclusion, a crime only seemingly exists when society perceive it as a crime or a great reaction to an act therefore labels it as one. An act isoften acceptable until labelled as morally wrong by a social group.At some time or another, some society somewhere has defined almost all forms of behaviour that we now call criminal as suited for the functioning of that society, (Williams (196446)), this would be crime as a violation of moral codes. In the BBC article written by Mark Easton, he reiterates that, one cultures crime is another cultures social norm. This concept is crime as a social construct. In 1963 Becker created the Labelling Theory which illustrated that crime is dependent upon social reaction and that the social consensus is regularly challenged.At the beginning of my essay I provided the Oxford dictionary definition for crime and after studying the wide range of criminal concepts I have reached the conclusion that there is no right or wrong answer to define crime. The dictionary defines crime as punishable by law yet also defines crime as a sin. A person will be prosecuted for an act that does not birth by the legislation set up by the criminal justice system, however an individual may go to church to repent a sin that is only deemed as a crime within their religious culture.Crime will forever be surrounded by questions of social order, it will always be contested and people will always wonder how it can be perceived due to the fact that societys vision of crime changes with the growth and development of society. Crime is elusive, contested and an ever moving concept that is tied to our social processes.